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Fiske John. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (Complete Edition In 2 Volumes)
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (Complete Edition In 2 Volumes)
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Table of Contents
VOLUME I
CHAPTER I. THE BEGINNINGS
The Lords of Trade
The governor’s salary
Sir Robert Walpole
Weakness of the sentiment of union
The Albany Congress
Franklin’s plan of union, 1754
Rejection of the plan
Shirley recommends a stamp act
Writs of assistance
The chief justice of New York
Otis’s “Vindication”
Expenses of the French war
Grenville’s Resolves
Reply of the colonies
The Stamp Act
The Parson’s Cause
Patrick Henry’s resolutions
The Stamp Act Congress
Declaration of the Massachusetts assembly
Resistance to the Stamp Act in Boston
And in New York
Debate in the House of Commons
Repeal of the Stamp Act
The Duke of Grafton’s ministry
The Townshend Acts
Attack on the New York assembly
Parliament did not properly represent the British people
Difficulty of the problem
Representation of Americans in Parliament
Mr. Gladstone and the Boers
Death of Townshend
His political legacy to George III
Character of George III
English parties between 1760 and 1784
George III. as a politician
His chief reason for quarrelling with the Americans
CHAPTER II. THE CRISIS
John Dickinson
The Massachusetts circular letter
Lord Hillsborough’s instructions to Bernard
The “Illustrious Ninety-Two”
Impressment of citizens
Statute of Henry VIII. concerning “treason committed abroad”
Samuel Adams makes up his mind, 1768
Arrival of troops in Boston
Letters of “Vindex”
Debate in Parliament
Colonel Barré’s speech
Thomas Hutchinson
Virginia resolutions, 1769
Assault on James Otis
The “Boston Massacre”
Some lessons of the “Massacre”
Lord North’s ministry
The merchants of New York
Assemblies convened at strange places
Taxes in Maryland
The North Carolina “Regulators”
Affair of the Gaspee
The salaries of the judges
Jonathan Mayhew’s suggestion
The committees of correspondence in Massachusetts
Intercolonial committees of correspondence
The question of taxation revived
The king’s ingenious scheme
How Boston became the battle-ground
The five towns ask advice
Arrival of the tea; meeting at the Old South
The tea-ships placed under guard
Town meeting at the Old South
The tea thrown into the harbour
Grandeur of the Boston Tea Party
How Parliament received the news
The Boston Port Bill
The Regulating Act
The shooting of citizens
The Quebec Act
Gage sent to Boston
CHAPTER III. THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
Belief that the Americans would not fight
Belief that Massachusetts would not be supported by the other colonies
News of the Port Bill
Samuel Adams at Salem
Massachusetts nullifies the Regulating Act
John Hancock and Joseph Warren
The Suffolk County Resolves, Sept. 6, 1774
Provincial Congress in Massachusetts
Meeting of the Continental Congress, Sept. 5, 1774
William Howe
Debates in Parliament
Richard, Lord Howe
Franklin returns to America
The middle colonies
Lord North’s mistaken hopes of securing New York
Affairs in Massachusetts
Warren’s oration at the Old South
Attempt to corrupt Samuel Adams
Orders to arrest Adams and Hancock
Paul Revere’s ride
Pitcairn fires upon the yeomanry, April 19, 1775
Retreating troops rescued by Lord Percy
The troops repulsed at Concord
Retreat continued from Lexington to Charlestown
Rising of the country; the British besieged in Boston
Effects of the news
Mecklenburg County Resolves, May 31, 1775
Legend of the Mecklenburg “Declaration of Independence”
Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen
Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, May 10, 1775
Second meeting of the Continental Congress, May 10, 1775
Appointment of Washington to command the Continental army
Siege of Boston
Gage’s proclamation
Americans occupy Bunker Hill
Arrival of Putnam, Stark, and Warren, June 17, 1775
Gage decides to try an assault
First assault repulsed
Second assault repulsed
Prescott’s powder gives out
Third assault succeeds; the British take the hill
British and American losses
Excessive slaughter; significance of the battle
Its moral effect
CHAPTER IV. INDEPENDENCE
Washington arrives in Cambridge
Daniel Morgan
Benedict Arnold
John Sullivan
Nathanael Greene
Henry Knox
Older officers
Israel Putnam
Horatio Gates and Charles Lee
Lee’s personal peculiarities
Benjamin Church
Difficult work for Washington
Absence of governmental organization
New government of Massachusetts, July, 1775
Congress sends a petition to the king
The king issues a proclamation, and tries to hire troops from Russia
Catherine refuses
The king hires German troops
Indignation in Germany
Burning of Portland, Oct 16, 1775
Effects upon Congress
The Americans invade Canada, Sept., 1775
Arnold’s march through the wilderness of Maine
Assault upon Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775
Total failure of the attempt upon Canada
The siege of Boston
Washington seizes Dorchester Heights March 4, 1776
The British troops evacuate Boston March 17, 1776
A provisional flag
Effect of the hiring of “myrmidons”
“Common Sense”
Fulminations and counter-fulminations
The Scots in North Carolina
Clinton sails for the Carolinas
The fight at Moore’s Creek, Feb. 27, 1776
North Carolina declares for independence
Action of South Carolina and Georgia
Virginia: Lord Dunmore’s proclamation
Skirmish at the Great Bridge; and burning of Norfolk
Virginia declares for independence
Action of Rhode Island and Massachusetts
Resolution of May 15
Instructions from Boston
Lee’s motion in Congress
Debate on Lee’s motion
Connecticut and New Hampshire
New Jersey
Pennsylvania and Delaware
Maryland
The situation in New York
The Tryon plot, June, 1779
Final debate on Lee’s motion
Vote on Lee’s motion
Thomas Jefferson
Independence declared, July 4, 1776
The Declaration was a deliberate expression of the sober thought of the American people
CHAPTER V. FIRST BLOW AT THE CENTRE
Lord Cornwallis arrives upon the scene
Battle of Fort Moultrie, June 28, 1776
British plan for conquering the Hudson and cutting the United Colonies in twain
Lord Howe’s futile attempt to negotiate with Washington unofficially
The military problem at New York
Importance of Brooklyn Heights
Battle of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776
Howe prepares to besiege the Heights;
ut Washington slips away with his army
His vigilance robbed the British of the most golden opportunity ever afforded them
The conference at Staten Island, Sept. 11
Howe takes the city of New York, Sept. 15
ut Mrs. Lindley Murray saves the garrison
Attack upon Harlem Heights Sept 16
The new problem before Howe
Howe moves upon Throg’s Neck, but Washington changes base
Baffled at White Plains, Howe tries a new plan
Washington’s orders in view of the emergency
Congress meddles with the situation and muddles it
Howe takes Fort Washington by storm, Nov. 16
Washington and Greene
Outrageous conduct of Charles Lee
Greene barely escapes from Fort Lee, Nov. 20
Lee intrigues against Washington
Washington retreats into Pennsylvania
Reinforcements come from Schuyler
Fortunately for the Americans, the British capture Charles Lee, Dec. 13
The times that tried men’s souls
Washington prepares to strike back
He crosses the Delaware
And pierces the British centre at Trenton, Dec. 26
Cornwallis comes up to retrieve the disaster
And thinks he has run down the “old fox”
But Washington prepares a checkmate
And again severs the British line at Princeton, Jan. 3
General retreat of the British toward New York
The tables completely turned
Washington’s superb generalship
CHAPTER VI. SECOND BLOW AT THE CENTRE
Carleton invades New York
Arnold’s preparations
Battle of Valcour Island, Oct. 11, 1776
Congress promotes five junior brigadiers over Arnold, Feb. 19, 1777
Philip Schuyler
Horatio Gates
Gates intrigues against Schuyler
Gates visits Congress
Charges against Arnold
Tryon’s expedition against Danbury
Arnold defeats Tryon at Ridgefield, April 27, 1777
The military centre of the United States was the state of New York
A second blow to be struck at the centre. The plan of campaign
The plan was unsound
Germain’s fatal error
Too many unknown quantities
Danger from New England ignored
The dispatch that was never sent
Burgoyne advances upon Ticonderoga
Phillips seizes Mount Defiance
St. Clair abandons Ticonderoga, July 5, 1777
Battle of Hubbardton, July 7
One swallow does not make a summer
The king’s glee
Wrath of John Adams
Gates chiefly to blame
Burgoyne’s difficulties begin
Schuyler wisely evacuates Fort Edward
Enemies gathering in Burgoyne’s rear
Use of Indian auxiliaries
Burgoyne’s address to the chiefs
It is ridiculed by Burke
The story of Jane McCrea
The Indians desert Burgoyne
Importance of Bennington; Burgoyne sends a German force against it
Stark prepares to receive the Germans
Battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777
The invading force annihilated
Effect of the news; Burgoyne’s enemies multiply
Advance of St. Leger upon Fort Stanwix
Herkimer marches against him
Herkimer’s plan
Failure of the plan
Thayendanegea prepares an ambuscade
Battle of Oriskany, Aug. 6, 1777
Retreat of the Tories
Colonel Willett’s sortie
Death of Herkimer
Arnold arrives at Schuyler’s camp
And volunteers to relieve Fort Stanwix
Yan Yost Cuyler
Flight of St. Leger, Aug. 22
Burgoyne’s dangerous situation
Schuyler superseded by Gates, Aug. 2
Position of the two armies, Aug. 19-Sept. 12
CHAPTER VII. SARATOGA
Why Howe went to Chesapeake Bay
Charles Lee in captivity
Treason of Charles Lee
Folly of moving upon Philadelphia, as the “rebel capital”
Effect of Lee’s advice
Washington’s masterly campaign in New Jersey, June, 1777
Uncertainty as to Howe’s next movements
Howe’s letter to Burgoyne
Comments of Washington and Greene
Howe’s alleged reason trumped up and worthless
Burgoyne’s fate practically decided
Washington’s reasons for offering battle
He chooses a very strong position
Battle of the Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777
Washington’s skill in detaining the enemy
The British enter Philadelphia, Sept. 26
Significance of Forts Mercer and Mifflin
The situation at Germantown
Washington’s audacious plan
Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4
Howe captures Forts Mercer and Mifflin
Burgoyne recognizes the fatal error of Germain
Nevertheless he crosses the Hudson
First battle at Freeman’s Farm, Sept. 19; indecisive
Burgoyne’s supplies cut off
Second battle at Freeman’s Farm, Oct. 7; the British totally defeated by Arnold
The British army is surrounded
Clinton comes up the Hudson, but it is too late
Burgoyne surrenders, Oct. 17
Schuyler’s magnanimity
Bad faith of Congress
The behavior of Congress was simply inexcusable
What became of the captured army
VOLUME II
CHAPTER VIII. THE FRENCH ALLIANCE
Consternation in England
Views of the different parties
Lord North’s political somersault
Strange scene in the House of Commons
Treaty between France and the United States, Feb. 6, 1778
Great Britain declares war against France, March 13
The Earl of Chatham
The king’s rage
What Chatham would have tried to do
Death of Chatham
His prodigious greatness
Lord North remains in power
His commissioners in America fail to accomplish anything
CHAPTER IX. VALLEY FORGE
Distress in America
Lack of organization
Vexatious meddling of Congress
Sufferings at Valley Forge
Promoting officers for non-military reasons
Absurd talk of John Adams
Gates is puffed up with success
And shows symptoms of insubordination
The Conway Cabal
Attempts to injure Washington
Conway’s letter to Gates
Gates’s letter to Washington
Washington’s reply
Gates tries, unsuccessfully, to save himself by lying
but is successful, as usual, in keeping from under fire
The forged letters
Scheme for invading Canada
The dinner at York
Lafayette’s toast
Absurdity of the scheme
Downfall of the cabal
Decline of the Continental Congress
Increasing influence of Washington
CHAPTER X. MONMOUTH AND NEWPORT
Baron Friedrich von Steuben
Steuben arrives in America
Steuben at Valley Forge
Steuben’s manual of tactics
Sir William Howe resigns his command
The Mischianza
The British evacuate Philadelphia, June 18, 1778
Arnold takes command at Philadelphia
Return of Charles Lee
Lee’s reasons for returning
Washington pursues the British
His plan of attack
Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778
Lee’s shameful retreat
Washington retrieves the situation
It was a drawn battle
Washington’s letter to Lee
Trial and sentence of Lee
Lee’s character and schemes
Lee’s expulsion from the army
His death
The situation at New York
The French fleet unable to enter the harbour
General Prescott at Newport
Attempt to capture the British garrison at Newport
Sullivan seizes Butts Hill
Naval battle prevented by storm
Estaing goes to Boston, to refit his ships
Yeomanry go home in disgust
Battle of Butts Hill, Aug. 29, 1778
The enterprise abandoned
Unpopularity of the French alliance
Stagnation of the war in the northern states
CHAPTER XI. WAR ON THE FRONTIER
Joseph Brant, missionary and war-chief
The Tories of western New York
The valley of Wyoming and its settlers from Connecticut
Massacre at Wyoming, July 3, 1778
Massacre at Cherry Valley, Nov. 10
Sullivan’s expedition
Battle of Newtown, Aug 29, 1779
Devastation of the Iroquois country
Reign of terror in the Mohawk valley
The wilderness beyond the Alleghanies
Rivalry between Pennsylvania and Virginia for the possession of Fort Pitt
Lord Dunmore’s War, 1774
Logan and Cresap
Battle of Point Pleasant and its consequences
Settlement of Kentucky
And of eastern Tennessee
Defeat of the Cherokees on the Watauga
Its consequences
George Rogers Clark
Clark’s conquest of the northwestern territory, 1778
Capture of Vincennes, Feb. 23, 1779
Settlement of middle Tennessee
Importance of Clark’s conquest
Marauding expeditions
Tryon’s proceedings, July, 1779
Clinton captures the fortress at Stony Point, May 31, 1779
The storming of Stony Point, July 16, 1779
Evacuation of Stony Point
Henry Lee’s exploit at Paulus Hook
CHAPTER XII. WAR ON THE OCEAN
Importance of the control of the water
Feeble action of Congress
American and British cruisers
Wickes and Conyngham
Paul Jones
Franklin’s supervision of maritime affairs
Jones’s squadron
Jones’s cruise on the British coast
He meets a British fleet off Flamborough Head
Terrific fight between the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard, Sept. 23, 1779
Effect of Jones’s victory
Relations of Spain to France and England
Intrigues of Spain
Treaty between Spain and France, April, 1779
French and Spanish fleets attempt an invasion of England, Aug., 1779
Sir George Rodney
Rights of neutrals upon the sea
The Consolato del Mare
Prussian doctrine: free ships make free goods
Influence of the French philosophers
Great Britain wishes to secure an alliance with Russia
Importance of Minorca
France adopts the Prussian doctrine
Affair of Fielding and Bylandt
Spanish cruisers capture Russian vessels
Catherine’s proclamation, March 8, 1780
The Armed Neutrality
Vast Importance of the principles laid down by Catherine
Relations between Great Britain and Holland
Holland joins the Armed Neutrality
Capture of Henry Laurens and his papers
Great Britain declares war against Holland, Dec. 20, 1780
Catherine decides not to interfere
Capture of St. Eustatius, Feb. 3, 1781
Shameful proceedings
CHAPTER XIII. A YEAR OF DISASTERS
State of things in the Far South
Georgia overrun by the British
Arrival of General Lincoln
Barbarous reprisals
Americans routed at Briar Creek, March 3, 1779
Provost’s vandalism
Plan for arming negroes
Indignation in South Carolina
Action of the council
End of the campaign
Attempt to recapture Savannah
Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Cornwallis go to Georgia
The British advance upon Charleston
Surrender of Charleston, May 12, 1780
South Carolina overrun by the British
An injudicious proclamation
Disorders in South Carolina
The strategic points
Partisan commanders
Francis Marion
Thomas Sumter
First appearance of Andrew Jackson
Advance of Kalb
Gates appointed to the chief command in the South
Choice of roads to Camden
Gates chooses the wrong road
Distress of the troops
Gates loses the moment for striking
And weakens his army on the eve of battle
And is surprised by Cornwallis
Battle of Camden, Aug. 16, 1780
Total and ignominious defeat of Gates
His campaign was a series of blunders
Partisan operations
Weariness and depression of the people
Evils wrought by the paper currency
“Not worth a Continental”
In making its requisitions upon the states,
Difficulty of keeping the army together
The French alliance
Lafayette’s visit to France
Arrival of part of the French auxiliary force under Rochambeau
General despondency
CHAPTER XIV. BENEDICT ARNOLD
Arnold put in command of Philadelphia June 18, 1778
Miss Margaret Shippen
Views of the moderate Tories
Arnold’s drift toward Toryism
He makes up his mind to leave the army
Charges are brought against him Jan., 1779
He is acquitted by a committee of Congress in March
The case is referred to a court-martial, April 3, 1779
First correspondence with Clinton
The court-martial acquits Arnold of all serious charges, but directs Washington to reprimand him for two very trivial ones, Jan. 26, 1780
Arnold thirsts for revenge upon Congress
Significance of West Point
Arnold put in command of West Point, July, 1780
Secret interview between Arnold and André, Sept. 22
The plot for surrendering West Point
André takes compromising documents
And is reluctantly persuaded to return to New York by land, Sept. 22
The roads infested by robbers
Arrest of André, Sept. 23
Colonel Jameson’s perplexity
Washington returns from Hartford sooner than expected
Flight of Arnold, Sept. 25
Discovery of the treasonable plot
André taken to Tappan, Sept. 28
André’s trial and sentence, Sept. 29
Captain Ogden’s message, Sept. 30
Execution of André, Oct. 2
Lord Stanhope’s unconscious impudence
There is no reason in the world why André should have been spared
Captain Battersby’s story
Arnold’s terrible downfall
Arnold’s family
His remorse and death, June 14, 1801
Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1, 1781
Fate of Clinton’s emissaries
Further mutiny suppressed
CHAPTER XV. YORKTOWN
Cornwallis invades North Carolina, Sept., 1780
Ferguson’s expedition
Rising of the backwoodsmen
Battle of King’s Mountain, Oct. 7, 1780
Effect of the blow
Arrival of Daniel Morgan
Greene appointed to the chief command at the South
Greene’s daring strategy; he threatens Cornwallis on both flanks
Cornwallis retorts by sending Tarleton to deal with Morgan
Morgan’s position at the Cowpens
Battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781
Destruction of Tarleton’s force
Brilliant movements of Morgan and Greene
Greene leads Cornwallis a chase across North Carolina
Further manœuvres
Battle of Guilford, March 15
Retreat of Cornwallis
He abandons the Carolinas, and marches into Virginia
Greene’s master-stroke; he returns to South Carolina, April 6-18
And, by taking Fort Watson, cuts Lord Rawdon’s communications, April 23
Rawdon defeats Greene at Hobkirk’s Hill, April 25
All the inland posts taken from the British, May-June
Rawdon goes to England
Greene marches against the British, Aug. 22
Battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8
Greene’s superb generalship
Lord Cornwallis arrives at Petersburg, May 20, 1781
His campaign against Lafayette
Cornwallis retreats to the coast
And occupies Yorktown
Elements of the final catastrophe; arrival of the French fleet
News from Grasse and Lafayette
Subtle and audacious scheme of Washington
He transfers his army to Virginia, Aug. 19-Sept. 18
Movements of the fleets
Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown
Clinton’s attempt at a counterstroke
Arnold’s proceedings at New London, Sept. 6
Surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19, 1781
Importance of the aid rendered by the French fleet and army
Effect of the news in England
Difficult position of Great Britain
Rodney’s victory over Grasse, April 12, 1782
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