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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
1. GENERAL ОSTEOLOGY
1.1. Bone as an Organ
1.2. Classification of Bones
1.3. Internal Structure of Bones
1.4. External Structure of Bones
1.5. Chemical Сomposition of Bone and its Properties
1.6. Mechanical Properties of Bones
1.7. Functions of Skeleton
1.8. Development of Bones
1.9. Anomalies of Bone Development
TEST QUESTIONS
CLINICOANATOMICAL PROBLEM
2. SKELETON OF TRUNK
2.1. General Vertebral Features
2.2. Cervical Vertebrae
2.3. Thoracic Vertebrae
2.4. Lumbar Vertebrae
2.5. Sacrum
2.6. Coccyx
2.7. Anomalies and Developmental Defects of Vertebrae
2.8. Ribs
2.9. Anomalies and Defects in Development of Ribs
2.10. Sternum
2.11. Anomalies and Defects of Sternum Development
TEST QUESTIONS
CLINICOANATOMICAL PROBLEMS
3. SKELETON OF HEAD – SKULL
3.1. General Cranial Features
3.2. Principles of structure of skull bones
3.3. Bones of neurocranium
3.4. Bones of viscerocranium (facial bones)
3.5. Skull as a whole
3.5.1. Neurocranium
3.5.2. Viscerocranium
3.7 Skull of newborns
3.8. Age-specific changes of skull
3.9. Sexual differences of skull
TEST QUESTIONS
CLINICOANATOMICAL PROBLEMS
4. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB
4.1. Bones of shoulder girdle
4.2. Bones of free part of upper limb
TEST QUESTIONS:
CLINICOANATOMICAL PROBLEMS
5. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB
5.1. Bones of pelvic girdle
5.2. Bones of free part of lower limb
TEST QUESTIONS
CLINICOANATOMICAL PROBLEMS
Creation of the manual «Anatomy of Bone System» in English meets the requirements of modern Russian medicine and education. Nowadays, many English-speaking oversea students study in Medical Universities of Russia. Besides, many Russian school leavers have a good command of English, so they will be able to use this manual by taking into consideration the fact that many Russian medical specialists work abroad after graduating from the universities or take part in different international conferences and symposiums.
The English version of the manual is based on the Russian manual by professor I. V. Gaivoronskiy «Normal Human Anatomy» which has been published in Russia 9 times and is approved by the Ministry of education of Russia.
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Thus, the mechanical properties of bones – durability and elasticity – are predetermined by the optimal combination of organic and inorganic substances contained in them.
1. The bones serve as support for soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, fasciae, visceral organs).
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