Luther

Luther
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Luther is a six volume biography of Martin Luther, German professor of theology and the Church reformer, famous for his Ninety-five Theses of 1517 and recognized as a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. The aim of the work was to present accurate historical and psychological portrait of Luther's personality, which is still a mystery from many points of view. While presenting Luther's psychological picture the author chooses to do so in Luther's own words, analyzing his writings and letters. Analyzing Luther's writings he opts not to write about Luther's teachings and the history of dogma, but reaches deeper in his endeavor to supply an exact portrayal of Luther as a whole, which should emphasize various aspects of his mind and character.

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Grisar Hartmann. Luther

Luther

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Table of Contents

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

(PREFACE TO THE FIRST AND SECOND GERMAN EDITIONS)

CHAPTER I. COURSE OF STUDIES AND FIRST YEARS IN THE MONASTERY

1. Luther’s Novitiate and Early Life

2. Fidelity to his new calling; his temptations

3. The Journey to Rome

4. The Little World of Wittenberg and the Great World in Church and State

CHAPTER II. HARBINGERS OF CHANGE

1. Sources, Old and New

2. Luther’s Commentary on the Psalms (1513-15). Dispute with the Observantines and the “Self-righteous”

3. Excerpts from the Oldest Sermons. His Adversaries

4. Preliminary Remarks on Young Luther’s Relations to Scholasticism and Mysticism

5. Excerpts from the Earliest Letters

6. The Theological Goal

CHAPTER III. THE STARTING-POINT

1. Former Inaccurate Views

2. Whether Evil Concupiscence is Irresistible?

3. The Real Starting-point and the Co-operating Factors

CHAPTER IV “I AM OF OCCAM’S PARTY”

1. A closer examination of Luther’s Theological Training

2. Negative Influence of the Occamist School on Luther

3. Positive Influence of Occamism

CHAPTER V. THE ROCKS OF FALSE MYSTICISM

1. Tauler and Luther

2. Effect of Mysticism on Luther

CHAPTER VI. THE CHANGE OF 1515 IN THE LIGHT OF THE COMMENTARY ON ROMANS (1515-16)

1. The New Publications

2. Gloomy Views regarding God and Predestination

3. The Fight against “Holiness-by-Works” and the Observantines in the Commentary on Romans

4. Attack on Predisposition to Good and on Free Will

5. Luther rudely sets aside the older doctrine of Virtue and Sin

6. Preparation for Justification

7. Appropriation of the righteousness of Christ by humility—Neither “Faith only” nor assurance of Salvation

8. Subjectivism and Church Authority. Storm and Stress

9. The Mystic in the Commentary on Romans

10. The Commentary on Romans as a Work of Religion and Learning

CHAPTER VII. SOME PARTICULARS WITH REGARD TO THE OUTWARD CIRCUMSTANCES AND INWARD LIFE OF LUTHER AT THE TIME OF THE CRISIS

1. Luther as Superior of eleven Augustinian Houses

2. The Monk of Liberal Views and Independent Action

3. Luther’s Ultra-Spiritualism and calls for Reform. Is Self-improvement possible? Penance

CHAPTER VIII. THE COMMENTARY ON THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. FIRST DISPUTATIONS AND FIRST TRIUMPHS

1. “The Commencement of the Gospel Business.” Exposition of the Epistle to the Galatians (1516-17)

2. Disputations on man’s powers and against Scholasticism (1516-17)

3. Disputation at Heidelberg on Faith and Grace. Other Public Utterances

4. Attitude to the Church

CHAPTER IX. THE INDULGENCE THESES OF 1517 AND THEIR AFTER-EFFECTS

1. Tetzel’s preaching of the Indulgence; the 95 theses

2. The Collections for St. Peter’s in History and Legend

3. The Trial at Augsburg (1518)

4. The Disputation of Leipzig (1519). Miltitz. Questionable Reports

CHAPTER X. LUTHER’S PROGRESS IN THE NEW TEACHING

1. The Second Stage of his development. Assurance of Salvation

2. The Discovery in the Monastery Tower (1518-19)

3. Legends. Storm Signals

FOOTNOTES:

Volume 2

Table of Contents

CHAPTER XI. THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT APOSTASY

1. Allies among the Humanists and the Nobility till the middle of 1520

2. The Veiling of the Great Apostasy

3. Luther’s Great Reformation-Works—Radicalism and Religion

4. Luther’s Followers. Two Types of His Cultured Partisans: Willibald Pirkheimer and Albert Dürer

CHAPTER XII. EXCOMMUNICATION AND OUTLAWRY SPIRITUAL BAPTISM IN THE WARTBURG

1. The Trial. The Excommunication (1520) and its Consequences

2. The Diet of Worms, 1521; Luther’s Attitude

3. Legends

4. Luther’s sojourn at the Wartburg

5. Wartburg Legends

CHAPTER XIII. THE RISE OF THE REFORMED CHURCHES

1. Against the Fanatics. Congregational Churches?

2. Against Celibacy. Doubtful Auxiliaries from the Clergy and the Convents

3. Reaction of the Apostasy on its Author. His Private Life (1522–1525)

4. Further Traits towards a Picture of Luther. Outward Appearance. Sufferings, Bodily and Mental

CHAPTER XIV. FROM THE PEASANT WAR TO THE DIET OF AUGSBURG (1525–1530)

1. Luther’s Marriage

2. The Peasant-War. Polemics

3. The Religion of the Enslaved Will. The Controversy between Luther and Erasmus (1524–1525)

The Development of Luther’s Opposition to Free-Will from 1516 to 1524

Erasmus—His Attitude in General and his Attack on Luther in 1524

Luther’s Book “On the Enslaved Will” against Erasmus

Luther’s Later Dicta on the Enslaved Will and on Predestination

4. New Views on the Secular Authorities

5. How the New Church System was Introduced

Altenburg, Lichtenberg, Schwarzburg, Eilenburg

General Phenomena accompanying the Religions Change

Wittenberg. The Saxon Electorate

Nuremberg

Luther and the Introduction of the New Teaching at Erfurt

6. Sharp Encounters with the Fanatics

7. Progress of the Apostasy. Diets of Spires (1529) and Augsburg (1530)

FOOTNOTES:

Volume 3

Table of Contents

CHAPTER XV. ORGANISATION AND PUBLIC POSITION OF THE NEW CHURCH

1. Luther’s Religious Situation. Was his Reaction a Break with Radicalism?

2. From the Congregational to the State Church Secularisations

Confiscation of Church Property

Secularisation of the Matrimonial Courts. Against the Lawyers

3. The Question of the Religious War; Luther’s Vacillating Attitude. The League of Schmalkalden, 1531

Luther on Armed Resistance, until 1530

The Change of 1530; Influence of the Courts

The League of Schmalkalden and the Religious Peace of Nuremberg

Luther and the Religious War in Later Years

4. The Turks Without and the Turks [Papists] Within the Empire

Against Assistance for the Turkish War

In Favour of Assistance for the Turkish War

Luther on Turks and Papists

5. Luther’s Nationalism and Patriotism

CHAPTER XVI. THE DIVINE MISSION AND ITS MANIFESTATIONS

1. Growth of Luther’s Idea of his Divine Mission

Periodic Upheaval of Luther’s Idea of his Divine Mission

2. His Mission Alleged against the Papists

The Pope and the Papacy

The Catholics

Apocalyptico-Mystic Vesture

3. Proofs of the Divine Mission. Miracles and Prophecies

CHAPTER XVII. GLIMPSES OF A REFORMER’S MORALS

1. Luther’s Vocation. His Standard of Life

2. Some of Luther’s Practical Principles of Life

Luther on Sin

Luther’s Views on Penance

Luther on Efforts after Higher Virtue

Luther’s “Pecca fortiter.”

3. Luther’s Admissions Concerning His own Practice of Virtue

4. The Table-Talk and the First Notes of the same

The Pith of the New Religion. Doubts on Faith

5. On Marriage and Sexuality

The Necessity of Marriage

The “Miracle” of Voluntary and Chaste Celibacy

Luther’s Loosening of the Marriage Tie

Polygamy

Toleration for Concubinage? Matrimony no Sacrament

Luther on Matters Sexual

6. Contemporary Complaints. Later False Reports

Had Luther three children of his own apart from those born of his union with Bora?

Did Luther indulge in “the Worst Orgies” with the Escaped Nuns in the Black Monastery of Wittenberg?

The Passages “which will not bear repetition.”

Did Luther, as a Young Monk, say that he would push on until he could wed a Girl?

Luther’s stay as a boy in Cotta’s house at Eisenach no ground for a charge of immorality

Did Luther describe the lot of the Hog as the most enviable Goal of Happiness?

Did Luther allow as valid Marriage between Brother and Sister?

Did Luther Recommend People to Pray for Many Wives and Few Children?

Did Luther include Wives in the “Daily Bread” of the Our Father?

Was Luther the originator of the proverb: “Who loves not woman, wine and song remains a fool his whole life long”?

7. The “Good Drink”

Unsatisfactory Witnesses

Other Witnesses, Friendly and Hostile

Luther’s Own Comments on the “Good Drink.”

Witnesses to Luther’s Temperate Habits

From the Cellar and the Tap-Room

CHAPTER XVIII. LUTHER AND MELANCHTHON

1. Melanchthon in the Service of Lutheranism, 1518–30

Earlier Relations of Luther with Melanchthon

Melanchthon at the Diet of Augsburg, 1530

Melanchthon, the “Erasmian” Intermediary

2. Disagreements and Accord between Luther and Melanchthon

Disagreements

Points of Accord between Melanchthon and Luther

3. Melanchthon at the Zenith of His Career. His Mental Sufferings

Favourable Traits

Melanchthon’s Relations with Luther

CHAPTER XIX. LUTHER’S RELATIONS WITH ZWINGLI, CARLSTADT, BUGENHAGEN AND OTHERS

1. Zwingli and the Controversy on the Supper

2. Carlstadt

3. Johann Agricola, Jacob Schenk, and Johann Egranus

4. Bugenhagen, Jonas and others

CHAPTER XX. ATTEMPTS AT UNION IN VIEW OF THE PROPOSED COUNCIL

1. Zürich, Münster, the Wittenberg Concord, 1536

2. Efforts in view of a Council. Vergerio visits Luther

3. The Schmalkalden Assembly of 1537. Luther’s Illness

4. Luther’s Spirit in Melanchthon

FOOTNOTES:

Volume 4

Table of Contents

CHAPTER XXI. PRINCELY MARRIAGES

1. Luther and Henry VIII of England. Bigamy instead of Divorce

2. The Bigamy of Philip of Hesse

Philip Seeks the Permission of Wittenberg

The Bigamy is Consummated and made Public

Dispensation; Advice in Confession; a Confessor’s Secret?

Luther’s Embarrassment on the Bigamy becoming Public

Luther’s Private Utterances Regarding the Bigamy

Luther at the Conference of Eisenach. The Landgrave’s Indignation

Melanchthon’s Complaints

Literary Feud with Duke Henry of Brunswick

Opinions Old and New Regarding the Bigamy

CHAPTER XXII. LUTHER AND LYING

1. A Battery of Assertions.[216]

2. Opinions of Contemporaries in either Camp

3. The Psychological Problem Self-suggestion and Scriptural Grounds of Excuse

A Curious Mania

An Attempt at a Psychological Explanation

The New Theology of Lying

Luther’s Influence on His Circle

4. Some Leading Slanders on the Mediæval Church Historically Considered

5. Was Luther the Liberator of Womankind from “Mediæval Degradation”?

Conspectus of Luther’s Distortion of the Catholic View of Marriage

Luther’s Discordant Utterances on the Value of Marriage in his Sermons and Writings

Birth of the New Views on Marriage during the Controversy on the Vow of Chastity

The Natural Impulse and the Honour of Marriage

Practical Consequences of the New View of Woman: Matrimonial Impediments, Divorce

Respect for the Female Sex in Luther’s Conversations

The New Matrimonial Conditions and the Slandered Opponents

Two Concluding Pictures towards the History of Woman

CHAPTER XXIII. FRESH CONTROVERSIES WITH ERASMUS (1534, 1536) AND DUKE GEORGE († 1539)

1. Luther and Erasmus Again

2. Luther on George of Saxony and George on Luther

CHAPTER XXIV. MORAL CONDITIONS ACCOMPANYING THE REFORMATION PRINCELY PATRONS

1. Reports from various Lutheran Districts

2. At the Centre of the New Faith

3. Luther’s Attempts to Explain the Decline in Morals

4. A Malady of the Age: Doubts and Melancholy

CHAPTER XXV. IN THE NARROWER CIRCLE OF THE PROFESSION AND FAMILY LUTHER’S BETTER FEATURES

1. The University Professor, the Preacher, the Pastor

Relations with the Wittenberg Students

The Preacher and Catechist

Excerpts from Luther’s Sermons on Our Lady

Statements to Luther’s advantage from various Instructions. His Language

The Spiritual Guide

The New Form of Confession

Church Music

2. Emotional Character and Intellectual Gifts

3. Intercourse with Friends. The Interior of the former Augustinian Monastery

The more favourable side of the Table-Talk

Kindlier Traits Evinced by Luther

Prayer and Confidence in God

Other Personal Traits. His Family Life

CHAPTER XXVI. LUTHER’S MODE OF CONTROVERSY A COUNTERPART OF HIS SOUL

1. Luther’s Anger. His Attitude towards the Jews, the Lawyers and the Princes

The Jews

The Lawyers

The Princes

2. Luther’s Excuse: “We MUST Curse the Pope and His Kingdom”[987]

3. The Psychology of Luther’s Abusive Language

Various Psychological Factors

Connection of Luther’s Abusiveness with his Mystic Persuasion of his Special Call

The Unpleasant Seasoning of Luther’s Abuse

Protestant Opinions Old and New

4. Luther on his own Greatness and Superiority to Criticism The art of “Rhetoric”

CHAPTER XXVII. VOICES FROM THE CAMP OF THE DEFENDERS OF THE CHURCH

1. Luther’s “demoniacal” storming. A man “possessed”

2. Voices of Converts

3. Lamentations over the Wounds of the Church and over Her Persecutions

4. The Literary Opposition

CHAPTER XXVIII. THE NEW DOGMAS IN AN HISTORICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIGHT

1. The Bible text and the Spirit as the “True Tests of Doctrine”

Liberty for the Examination of Scripture and Luther’s Autonomy

Experience given by the Spirit

Inspiration and the Canon of Scripture

Inward Assurance and Disagreements Without

Remedies against Disagreement. The Outward Word

The Way of Settling Doubts Concerning Faith. Assurance of Salvation and Belief in Dogma

Protestant Objections to Luther’s so-called “Formal Principle.”

2. Luther as a Bible-Expositor

Some Characteristics of Luther’s Exegesis

Luther’s Exegesis in the Light of His Early Development

3. The Sola Fides. Justification and Assurance of Salvation

Some Characteristics of the New Doctrine of Justification

The Striving after Absolute Certainty of Salvation

The “Article on which the Church Stands or Falls”: According to Modern Protestants

4. Good Works in Theory and Practice

Nature and Origin of the New Doctrine of Works

Augustine as the Authority for the New Doctrine of Works

The New Doctrine of Works in Practice, as Judged by Lutheran Opinion in the 16th Century

Luther’s Utterances in Favour of Good Works

Works of Charity. Luther and the Ages of the Past

5. Other Innovations in Religious Doctrine

The Regula Fidei

Some Peculiarities of the New Doctrine on the Sacraments, Particularly on Baptism

His Teaching on the Supper

Invocation of the Saints

Mary

Purgatory

6. Luther’s Attack on the Sacrifice of the Mass

First Attacks. “On the Abomination of the Silent Mass.”

“On the Corner-Mass.” Continuation of the Conflict

FOOTNOTES:

Volume 5

Table of Contents

CHAPTER XXIX. ETHICAL RESULTS OF THE NEW TEACHING

1. Preliminaries. New Foundations of Morality

2. The two Poles: the Law and the Gospel

3. Encounter with the Antinomianism of Agricola

4. The Certainty of Salvation and its relation to Morality

Certainty of Salvation as the cause and aim of True Morality. The Psychological Explanation

Luther’s Last Sermons at Eisleben on the Great Questions of Morality

Some notable Omissions of Luther’s in the above Sermons on Morality

Luther’s Vacillation between the Two Faiths, Old and New, in the Matter of Morality and the Assurance of Salvation

5. Abasement of Practical Christianity

Lower Moral Standards

Annulment of the Supernatural and Abasement of the Natural Order

The Book of Concord on the Curtailment of Free-Will

Christianity merely Inward. The Church Sundered from the World

Divorce of Religion and Morals

The Lack of Obligation and Sanction

6. The part played by Conscience and Personality. Luther’s warfare with his old friend Caspar Schwenckfeld

On Conscience and its Exercise in General

The Help of Conscience at Critical Junctures

Conscience in the Religious Question of the Day

Luther’s Warfare with his old friend Caspar Schwenckfeld

7. Self-Improvement and the Reformation of the Church

Did Luther Found a School of True Christian Life?

A Lutheran Theologian on the Lack of any Teaching Concerning “Emancipation from the World”

The Means of Self-Reform and their Reverse Side

Self-Reform and Hatred of the Foe

Companion-Phenomena of his Hate

Kindlier Traits and Episodes

The Reformation of the Church and Luther’s Ethics

The Reformation in the Duchy of Saxony considered as typical

The Aims of the Reformation and the Currents of the Age

8. The Church Apart of the True Believers

Luther’s Theory of the Church Apart prior to 1526

The Church Apart replaced by the Popular Church Supported by the State

9. Public Worship. Questions of Ritual

10. Schwenckfeld as a Critic of the Ethical Results of Luther’s Life-work

On the hoped-for Moral Revival

Further Complaints of Schwenckfeld’s. The Ethical Doctrines

Schwenckfeld on the Popular Church and the New Divine Service

CHAPTER XXX. LUTHER AT THE ZENITH OF HIS LIFE AND SUCCESS, FROM 1540 ONWARDS. APPREHENSIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

1. The Great Victories of 1540–1544

2. Sad Forebodings

3. Provisions for the Future

A Protestant Council?

Luther’s Attitude towards the Consistories introduced in 1539

Luther seeks to introduce the so-called Lesser Excommunication

The want of a Hierarchy. Ordinations

4. Consecration of Nicholas Amsdorf as “Evangelical Bishop” of Naumburg (1542)

The Ceremony at Naumburg

Luther’s booklet on the Consecration of Bishops

Excerpts from Luther’s Letters to the New “Bishop”

5. Some Further Deeds of Violence. Fate of Ecclesiastical Works of Art

End of the Bishopric of Meissen

Destruction of Church Property

Luther and the Images

Further details regarding the Fate of the Works of Art and of Art itself

CHAPTER XXXI. LUTHER IN HIS DISMAL MOODS, HIS SUPERSTITION AND DELUSIONS

1. His Persistent Depression in Later Years Persecution Mania and Morbid Fancies

His Depression and Pessimism

Some of the Grounds for His Lowness of Spirits

Suspicion and Mania of Persecution

Luther’s Single-handed Struggle with the Powers of Evil

2. Luther’s Fanatical Expectation of the End of the World. His hopeless Pessimism

Reason and Ground of Luther’s Conviction of the near End of the World

The End of the World in the Table-Talk

3. Melanchthon under the Double Burden, of Luther’s Personality and his own Life’s Work

Some of Melanchthon’s Deliverances

Melanchthon’s Strictures on Luther. His “Bondage”

Melanchthon’s Last Years

Review of Melanchthon’s Religious Position as a whole

Melanchthon Legends

4. Demonology and Demonomania

The Mischief Wrought by the Devil

On all that the Devil is able to do

On the Abode of the Devil; his Shapes and Kinds

The Devil and the Witches

Luther’s Devil-mania; its Connection with his Character and his Doctrine

The Weapons to be used against the Devil

5. The Psychology of Luther’s Jests and Satire

Humour in his Writings and at his Home

Humour a Necessity to Luther in his Struggle with Others and with Himself

More on the Nature of Luther’s Jests

CHAPTER XXXII. A LIFE FULL OF STRUGGLES OF CONSCIENCE

1. On Luther’s “Temptations” in General

2. The Subject-matter of the “Temptations”

3. An Episode. Terrors of Conscience become Temptations of the Devil

Schlaginhaufen and Luther

From Remorse of Conscience to Onslaughts of the Devil

4. Progress of his Mental Sufferings until their Flood-tide in 1527–1528

The Period Previous to 1527

The Height of the Storm, 1527–28

The Trouble Continues

Outbursts and Relief

5. The Ten Years from 1528–38. How to win back Peace of Conscience

The Years Previous to 1537

“I should have Died without any Struggle”

The “Struggles by Day and by Night” gradually Wane

How to find Peace of Conscience

6. Luther on his Faith, his Doctrine and his Doubts, particularly in his Later Years

Luther’s Notion of Faith

Luther as Pictured by Himself during Later Years

Earlier Undated Statements

Luther’s Pretended Condemnations of his whole Life-work

CHAPTER XXXIII. THE COUNCIL OF TRENT IS CONVOKED, 1542. LUTHER’S POLEMICS AT THEIR HIGHEST TENSION

1. Steps taken and Tracts Published subsequent to 1537 against the Council of the Church

2. “Wider das Bapstum zu Rom vom Teuffel Gestifft.” The Papacy renews its Strength

3. Some Sayings of Luther’s on the Council and his own Authority

4. Notable Movements of the Times accompanied by Luther with “Abuse and Defiance down to the very Grave.” The Caricatures

Brunswick, Cleves, the Schmalkalden Leaguers

The Zwinglian “Sacramentarians”

Calvin

“On the Jews and their Lies.” “On Shem Hammephorash,” 1543

Comparison with an earlier Jewish writing of Luther’s

Some special motives for his Polemics against the Jews

The Third Work against the Jews, 1543

Against the Turks

The Hideous Caricatures of “Popery Pictured”

CHAPTER XXXIV. END OF LUTHER’S LITERARY LABOURS. THE WHOLE REVIEWED

1. Towards a Christianity void of Dogma. Protestant Opinions

(a) Protestant Critics on Luther’s Abandonment of Individual Christian Dogmas and of the Olden Conception of Faith

(b) The Melting away of Luther’s Dogmas viewed in the Light of Protestant Criticism

Original Sin and Unfreedom; Law and Gospel; Penance

Luther’s Doctrine of Justification and Good Works, as seen by Protestant Critics

Luther’s Doctrine of Merit in the Eyes of Protestant Critics

Luther’s teaching on the Sacraments and on the Supper according to Protestant Teaching

Luther’s views on the Church and on Divine Worship according to Protestant Criticism

2. Luther as a Popular Religious Writer. The Catechism

His Collected Works; his New Edition of the Church-Postils

Good Points and Shortcomings of Luther’s Popular Works

The Catechism

Luther’s Catechism and Ecclesiastical Antiquity

3. The German Bible

The Work of Translation and its Conclusion

On the Language and the Learning Displayed in Luther’s Bible

Luther’s German Bible Considered Theologically

Psychological Aspects of Luther’s Work on the German Bible

The Bible in the Ages before Luther

4. Luther’s Hymns

CHAPTER XXXV. LUTHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOCIETY AND EDUCATION

1. Historical Outlines for Judging of his Social Work

2. The State and the State Church

Was Luther the Founder of the Modern State?

The Prince as Absolute Patriarch

Luther’s Real Merit and his Claims

Other Factors which assisted in the Establishment of the State-Church

Significance of the Visitation and Inquisition held in the Saxon Electorate

Luther’s Misgivings in the Preface to the Visitors’ Directions

Divergent Currents

Conclusion

FOOTNOTES:

Volume 6

Table of Contents

CHAPTER XXXV (Continued) LUTHER’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOCIETY AND EDUCATION

3. Elementary Schools and Higher Education

Luther’s Appeals on Behalf of the Schools

Polemical Trend of Luther’s Pedagogics

Luther’s Educational Plans

The Decline of the Schools Following in the Wake of the Innovations

Higher Education before Luther’s Day

Luther’s Success

4. Benevolence and Relief of the Poor

At the Close of the Middle Ages

Luther’s Efforts. The Primary Cause of their Failure

A Second Stumbling Block: Lack of Organisation

Influence of Luther’s Ethics. Robbery of Church Property Proves a Curse

Some Recent Excuses

5. Luther’s Attitude towards Worldly Callings

Luther’s Pessimism Regarding Various Callings. The Peasants

The Psychological Background. Luther’s Estrangement from Whole Classes of Society

The Merchant Class

Influence of Old-Testament Ideas

Usury and Interest

Luther on Unearned Incomes and Annuities

CHAPTER XXXVI. THE DARKER SIDE OF LUTHER’S INNER LIFE. HIS AILMENTS

1. Early Sufferings, Bodily and Mental

Fits of Fear; Palpitations; Swoons

Nervousness and other Ailments

The so-called Temptations no Mere Morbid Phenomena

2. Psychic Problems of Luther’s Religious Development

Temptations to Despair

The Shadow of Pseudo-Mysticism

Other Ordeals

Summary

3. Ghosts, Delusions, Apparitions of the Devil

The Statements Concerning Luther’s Intercourse with the Beyond

The Disputation with the Devil on the Mass

Possession and Exorcism

4. Revelation and Illusion. Morbid Trains of Thought

Luther’s Insistence on Private Revelation

Some Apparent Withdrawals

The “Temptations” as one of Luther’s Bulwarks

Three Perverted Theories Dominating Luther’s Outlook

Other Abnormal Lines of Thought and Behaviour

5. Luther’s Psychology according to Physicians and Historians

Addendum. Some Medical Opinions on Nervous Degeneration, and Abnormal Ideas

CHAPTER XXXVII. LUTHER’S LATER EMBELLISHMENT OF HIS EARLY LIFE

1. Luther’s later Picture of his Convent Life and Apostasy

The Legend about his First Public Appearance

The Legend about his Years of Monkish Piety

2. The Reality. Luther’s Falsification of History

Monastic Days of Peace and Happiness. The Vows and their Breach

Some Doubtful Virtues

Luther’s Alterations of the Facts

The Monkish Nightmare

3. The Legend receives its last touch; how it was used

CHAPTER XXXVIII. END OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. THE CHURCH-UNSEEN AND THE VISIBLE CHURCH-BY-LAW

1. From Religious Licence to Religious Constraint

Freedom as the Watchword

Intolerance Towards Catholics in Theory and Practice

Threats of Bloody Reprisals against Papists, Priestlings and Monks

The Death-Penalty Sectarians within the New Fold

Luther’s Self-justification and Excuses

Compulsory Attendance at Church

Opinions of Protestant Historians

Luther’s Spirit in his Fellows

2. Luther as Judge

The Conceit and the Obstinacy of the “Heretics”

“Heretics” who cannot be sure of their Cause

Where are your Miracles?

His Anger with Lemnius and Others

3. The Church-Unseen, its Origin and Early History

Invisibility of Luther’s Church

The Marks of the Church. Gradual Disappearance of the Old Conception of the Church

Origin and Early Outbuilding of the New Idea of the Church

Luther’s Later Attitude Towards the Idea of the Church. Objections

4. The Church becomes visible. Its organisation

5. Luther’s Tactics in Questions concerning the Church

The Erfurt Preachers in a Tight Place

Controversies with the Catholics on the Question of the Church

The Indefectibility of the Church and Her Thousand-Year-Long Error

Luther’s Tactics in the Interpretation of the Bible

CHAPTER XXXIX. END OF LUTHER’S LIFE

1. The Flight from Wittenberg

2. Last Troubles and Cares

Theological Disruption

The Controversy on Clandestine Marriages

Difficulties with the State Church

The Present and the To-come

3. Luther’s Death at Eisleben (1546)

4. In the World of Legend

CHAPTER XL. AT THE GRAVE

1. Luther’s fame among the friends he left behind

2. Luther’s Memory among the Catholics. The Question of His Greatness

3. Luther’s Fate in the First Struggles for his Spiritual Heritage

The Osiandric, Majorite, Adiaphoristic and Synergistic Controversies

Cryptocalvinism

The so-called formula of concord (1580)

4. Mutual Influence of the Two Camps. Growing Strength of the Catholic Church

Luther’s Churches

Progress and Gains of Catholicism

5. Luther as described by the Olden “Orthodox” Lutherans

6. Luther as seen by the Pietists and Rationalists

7. The Modern Picture of Luther

The latest efforts to portray Luther

The Janus-Picture of the Mediæval and Modern Luther

The “Religious” Reformer and the Hero of “Kultur”

A “Political” Luther?—Conclusion

APPENDICES

XLI—APPENDIX I. LUTHER’S WRITINGS AND THE EVENTS OF THE DAY ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

XLII—APPENDIX II. ADDITIONS AND EMENDATIONS

1–2. Luther’s Visit to Rome

3. Luther’s conception of “Observance” and his conflict with his brother friars

4. Attack upon the “Self-righteous”

5. The collapse of the Augustinian Congregation

6. The Tower Incident (vol. I, pp. 388–400)

7. The Indulgence-Theses

8. The Temptations at the Wartburg

9. Prayer at the Wartburg

10. Luther’s state during his stay at the Coburg

11. Luther’s moral character

12. Luther’s views on lies

13. Luther’s lack of the missionary spirit

14. Notes

FOOTNOTES

Отрывок из книги

Hartmann Grisar

Published by

.....

“Quellenschriften zur Geschichte des Protestantismus zum Gebrauch in akademischen Übungen,” in Verbindung mit anderen Fachgenossen ed. J. Kunze and C. Stange, Leipzig, 1904, ff.

(Oldecop), “Joh. Oldecops Chronik,” ed. K. Euling (“Bibl. des literarischen Vereins von Stuttgart,” vol. 190), Tübingen, 1891.

.....

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