Generation P?

Generation P?
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This book provides insight into the young generations relations and experiences with pornography. Generation P? is based on a unique and comprehensive study giving voice to the words and opinions of the young people themselves. Never before have pornography and sexualized material been so readily available and pervasive in young people's everyday life. TV programmes, advertising, and the music industry exploit and play with pornographic codes and scenarios. The sex industry launches and promotes its products via youth channels and websites.How do young people navigate through this pornographic landscape? Does the omnipresence of pornography breed curiosity or resistance? How does pornography challenge the role of parents and teachers? Generation P? provides answers to these questions and presents a unique body of new research on youth, gender and pornography. The study shows that the vast majority of young people in the Nordic countries have seen porn. But young people do not swallow the pornographic messages without resistance, and some are very critical of or actively opposed to them.It is very seldom that the voices of young people are heard in the public debate on pornography. In Generation P? focus is set on the voices, definitions and experiences with pornography of young people themselves. The book contains contributions from leading researchers from different academic fields: sociology, psychology, media research, social work and public health.

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Группа авторов. Generation P?

Acknowledgements

Introduction. By Sven-Axel Månsson, Lotta Löfgren-Mårtenson and Susanne V. Knudsen

Definitions of pornography

A process of normalisation

The study of youth, gender and pornography in the Nordic countries

The content of the anthology

References

‘Porno-chic’ – sex and mainstreaming of pornography in mass culture. By Anette Dina Sørensen

Mainstreaming of pornography – ‘porno-chic’

Stereotypical representations of gender

The self-directed gaze and self-discipline

The failure of sexual education

New ethical directions

References

Pornotopia – Theoretical considerations and young pornographers. By Nils Hammarén and Thomas Johansson. Introduction

Sex as narrative and manual

The world of pornography and the young consumer

Scientia Sexualis

Hyperreal sexuality

Cyberspace and everyday life

References

Mainstream sexualisation – Backlash or experimentation. By Wencke Mühleisen

Mainstream sexualisation

Backlash or experimentation

A new-feminist wave in Scandinavia

Intimate sexual display

Liberation or intervention?

Impure alliances

References

Pornography and Sexual Satisfaction – Any Relationship? By Aleksandar Štulhofer, Ivan Landripet, Aco Momčilovič, Vlasta Matko, Predrag G. Kladarić and Vesna Buško. Pornography and young people

Beyond the standard approach: Pornography, sexual socialization, and sexual satisfaction

An empirical probe: On-line study of pornography and sexual satisfaction

Pornography and sexual satisfaction: Preliminary findings

Pornography and sexual satisfaction in young adults

Appendix: Instruments used in the analyses of structural equation models

References

How do Nordic adolescents relate to pornography? A quantitative study. By Anette Dina Sørensen and Vigdis Saga Kjørholt. Introduction

Online questionnaire

Demographic data

The extent of pornographic consumption

Frequency of consumption

The exposure’s mediabase

Pornography consumption: situations and settings

The parents’ role

Attitudes toward pornography

Motives for viewing pornography

Questions regarding pornography’s influence

Availability and restrictions

Conclusions

References

Exposed – Icelandic teenagers’ exposure to pornography. By Guðbjörg Hildur Kolbein

Studies on adolescents and pornography

Methodology

Results

Discussion

References

Gender differences – Behavioral, situational and interpersonal patterns in pornography consumption. By Gert Martin Hald. Introduction

Method – Participants

Method – Procedure

Method – Measures

Results1

Discussion

References

High-frequency consumers of pornography – A Swedish study. By Gisela Priebe, Ingrid Åkerman and Carl Göran Svedin. Introduction

The Swedish study of high-school senior

How often do older adolescents use pornography?

Socio-demographics and consumption of pornography

Which sources of pornography do older adolescent use?

What kind of pornography do older adolescents view?

Who are older adolescents with when they view pornography?

Older adolescents’ attitudes towards pornography

How do older adolescents think the pornography they viewed has influenced them?

Pornography and consensual sexual experiences

Use of pornography, experience of being sexual abused or of being the abuser

Conclusions and discussion

References

‘Please vote nicely …’ Visualizing gender on-line. By Anja Hirdman. Introduction

Visual media representations

The visual self online: snyggast.se and its judgmental context

Selfportraits and webcam intimacy

Visualizing femininity: relational and bodily modes of address

Visualizing masculinity: distance, melancholy and face-ism

Gendered conventions and self-regulation

Media and the self: Face-ism and body-ism revisited?

References

Free, young and gendered – Internet pornography and self-representations on websites. By Susanne V. Knudsen

Voluntary and uncontrolled

The scenarios on the for-free and self-representation sites

Young users – authentic and model-users

Internet pornography – authentic users and model-users

The self-representations – authentic users and model-users

The gendered bodies

Pornography, pornofication and sexualisation

Conclusion

References

Moral panic! The figure of paedophile and sexual politics of fear in Finland. By Antu Sorainen

Sexual politics of fear

Moral panics as import-discourses?

Protectionism

From media violence to Internet pornography and paedophilia

Queer epistemology of youth

References

Web-sites:

Detours for heterosexuality – Young boys viewing male bodies in pornography. By Niels Ulrik Sørensen. Introduction

Selecting young boys

The natural order of things

The natural order disturbed

A supporting body

Passive men, active women

A hypothetical female perspective

Boys gathered around pornography

Discussion

References

A vision of new porn – How women are revising porn to match a time of greater gender equality. By Anne G. Sabo

Porn as discourse and film: the predicaments of language and pleasure

Under the covers: Sex in the United States

Shagging in Europe: A different kind of porn

New porn on the horizon

Conclusion

References

Let’s talk about porn! On youth, gender and pornography in Sweden. By Sven-Axel Månsson and Lotta Löfgren-Mårtenson

Reflexivity and strategic positioning

Talking and doing

Functions and meanings of pornography

Age matters

Ideals of appearances and performances

The pornographic script

Navigation in the pornographic landscape

What is eroticised in pornography?

Not without resistance

References

Young men’s use – Attitudes toward and consumption of pornography among young men in Sweden. By Pernilla Nigård. Background

The first encounters with pornography

Attitudes and usage

Porn and sex – the same thing?

Spice in the sex life or infidelity to the partner?

‘Everybody watches, some deny’ – pornography among friends

Stereotypical images and effects

Taboos and shame

Pornography in fear of the pure relationship

Pornography as inspiration in the pure relationship

A spectrum of reflexive attitudes

References

“When I hear the word pornography, I think of …” 15-16 year old girls writing essays on their associations to pornography. By Willy Aagre. Introduction

Theoretical concepts and perspectives

The context of essay-writing

Memory work as the methodological point of departure

Presentation of the essays in three categories

Perspectives across the categories

Some conclusions on the basis of the essays written by the girls

References

Turned on by pornography – Still a respectable girl? How fifteen-year-old girls cope with pornography. By Lena Berg

Culturally imprinted voices creating meanings

“It was never my intention to watch it…”

“Porn is too much” – the descriptions

The contradictory talk

Both lust & disgust – it’s natural

Comparison to contemporary voices

References

Didactic perspectives on pornography. By Christian Graugaard and Line Anne Roien. Introduction

The ‘double gaze’ of youngsters

Sex education in Danish schools

The didactic potentials of pornography

Didactic considerations

Perspectives and concluding remarks

References

New challenges in sex education. By Margareta Forsberg

Sex education in Sweden

Pornography and its implications with regard to sex education

Communication

References

Internet Resources

Contributors

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In many ways this book is the result of a collective effort, and we wish to express our thanks to some of the many people who have helped us in our undertaking.

First, we would like to extend our gratitude to NIKK, Nordic Institute for Women’s Studies and Gender Research. Many of the contributions to this book emanate from the NIKK project on “Youth, gender and pornography in the Nordic countries” (2004-2006). We gratefully express our appreciation to NIKK for letting us freely use data collected within the project. Furthermore, without financial assistance from NIKK this anthology would probably never have been published. A special acknowledgement goes to director Solveig Bergman who so generously supported us in our effort.

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Johansson, Thomas (2007). The Transformation of Sexuality. Gender and Identity in Contemporary Youth Culture. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Johansson, Thomas and Hammarén, Nils (2007). Hegemonic masculinity and Pornography. Young people’s attitudes and relations towards pornography, Journal of Men’s Studies No 1.

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