Counseling and Psychotherapy

Оглавление

Группа авторов. Counseling and Psychotherapy

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Seventh Edition. Counseling and Psychotherapy. Theories and Interventions

Preface

FEATURES OF THE BOOK

THE FORMAT FOLLOWED FOR CHAPTERS 2–17

THE CASE OF CLARITA. Client Demographics

Presenting Problems

Family Background

Early Adult Years

Postdivorce Years

NEW TO THIS EDITION

Acknowledgments

Meet the Editors

Meet the Contributors

Chapter 1. Helping Relationships and Theoretical Foundations for Counseling and Psychotherapy

DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP

Sidebar 1.1 The Importance of a Constructive Therapeutic Alliance

HELPING RELATIONSHIPS: STAGES

Sidebar 1.2 Client Transparency

HELPING RELATIONSHIPS: CORE CONDITIONS

Sidebar 1.3 Supervision Responsibility and the Counselor Educator

Empathic Understanding

Sidebar 1.4 Personal Characteristics of the Counselor Candidate

Respect and Positive Regard

Genuineness and Congruence

Concreteness

Warmth

Immediacy

HELPING RELATIONSHIPS: STRATEGIES

Strategies That Build Rapport and Encourage Client Dialogue

Attending and Encouraging

Example

Restating and Paraphrasing

Example

Reflecting Content and Reflecting Feeling

Example

Clarifying and Perception Checking

Example

Summarizing

Example

Strategies That Aid in Data Gathering

Questioning

Example

Probing and Leading

Example

Strategies That Add Depth and Enhance the Relationship

Self-Disclosure

Example

Confrontation

Example

Responding to Nonverbal Cues

ExampleClient: (turning away) Yes, you’re right. I’m not convinced this is what I want. (smiling) Maybe I was never meant to be happy

MOVING TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

Sidebar 1.5 Strategy Challenges

MULTICULTURAL AND SOCIAL/CULTURAL ORIENTATIONS

Cultural Humility Along With Cultural Competence

Culturally Responsive Therapeutic Integrations

The Multicultural Orientation Framework

A Relational Attunement Approach

Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Theories

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 2. Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Through Relational-Cultural Theory

BACKGROUND. The History of RCT

Cultural and Social Justice Foundations. Power and Equality

RCT as Social Justice and Multicultural Counseling

Relational Foundations

Neuroscience and Connection

RCT in Contemporary Practice

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Sidebar 2.1 RCT and Neuroscience

Development of Relational Images

Human Growth and Development in Connection

Sidebar 2.2 RCT and Feminist Theory

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS. Connection and Disconnection

Strategies of Disconnection/Survival

The Five Good Things

Central Relational Paradox

Sidebar 2.3 Digging Deeper Into the Five Good Things

Condemned Isolation

Power

Mutual Empathy

Sidebar 2.4 Case Study: The Importance of Considering Power Dynamics

Relational Images

Controlling Images

Sidebar 2.5 Let’s Go to the Movies!

Relational Resilience

Relational Ethics

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Sidebar 2.6 Authenticity Exercise

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research. RCT in Varied Counseling Settings

RCT and Developmental Relational Counseling and Supervision

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN RCT APPROACH

Goal 1: Fostering Authenticity and Vulnerability

Goal 2: Recognizing and Conceptualizing Relational and Controlling Images Through Mutual Empathy

Goal 3: Conceptualizing Connections, Disconnections, and Strategies for Survival

Goal 4: Creating Mutuality and Connection in Counseling to Foster the Five Good Things

Summary

REFERENCES

Chapter 3. Psychodynamic Theories: Psychoanalysis and Beyond

BACKGROUND. Understanding the Language: Psychoanalytic, Psychoanalysis, and Psychodynamic

Early Psychoanalytic Theory

Traditional Psychoanalysis

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS. Id, Ego, and Superego

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Life and Death Instincts

Defense Mechanisms

Transference and Countertransference

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Modern Presuppositions and Objectives

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions. Therapeutic Immediacy

Examining Life and Death Instincts

Analysis of Transference

Analysis of Resistance

Sidebar 3.1 Transference-Focused Psychotherapy

Free Association and Dream Analysis

Brief Intervention Strategies. Brief Psychodynamic Theory

Expressive Psychotherapy

Object Relations and Attachment

Self-Psychology

Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy

Transactional Analysis

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

Sidebar 3.2 Psychodynamic Theory and Neuroscience

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Sidebar 3.3 Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy and Major Depressive Disorder

Supporting Research

Sidebar 3.4 Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Eating Disorders

Limitations

Sidebar 3.5 Culture and Hysteria

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A BRIEF PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH. Goal 1: Developing Insight

Goal 2: Expansion of Choice

Goal 3: Liberation From the Past

Goal 4: Improvement of Interpersonal Relationships

Goal 5: Corrective Emotional Experience

REFERENCES

Chapter 4. Jungian Analytical Theory

BACKGROUND

Sidebar 4.1 Jung’s Childhood Friend

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Childhood

Sidebar 4.2 Jung’s Collective Unconscious

Adolescence

Middle Age

Old Age

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS. Personality Theory

The Personal Conscious

The Personal Unconscious

The Collective Unconscious

The Ego

Archetypes

Syzygy

Individuation

Synchronicity

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions. Word Association

Dream Analysis

Sidebar 4.3 Dream Analysis

Transference and Countertransference

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

The Thematic Apperception Test

Psychological Attitudes and Types

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Brief Intervention Strategies

Play Therapy

Sidebar 4.4 The Myers-Briggs Assessment

Sandplay

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

Borderline Personality Disorder

Psychosis

Major Depression

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A JUNGIAN APPROACH

Goal 1: Increase Sleep Health

Goal 2: Recognize and Prioritize Her Needs

Goal 3: Setting Personal Boundaries With Her Family

REFERENCES

Chapter 5. Adlerian Theory

BACKGROUND

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Birth Order

Family Constellation

Sidebar 5.1 Self-Awareness: Only Children

Early Recollections

Sidebar 5.2 Counseling Services: Middle Children

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

Adler’s Human Personality Theory

Sidebar 5.3 Four Basic Types of Individuals

Social Interest

Sidebar 5.4 Case Study

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Sidebar 5.5 Four Stages of the Adlerian Counseling Process

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Lifestyle Analysis

Sidebar 5.6 Lifestyle Analysis

Contemporary Applications

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN ADLERIAN APPROACH

REFERENCES

Chapter 6. Existential Theory

BACKGROUND. Existential Philosophers: A Groundwork for Theory

Approaches to Existentialism. Early Existential Theorists: European Roots

Sidebar 6.1 Self-Awareness: The Impact of Trauma and Finding Meaning

Contemporary Existential Thought

Existential Counseling Therapies. Humanistic Existentialism

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Existentialism

Sidebar 6.2 Self-Awareness: Experiencing the Existential Theorists

Transpersonal Existentialism

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Sidebar 6.3 Self-Awareness: When Are We Ready to Talk About Existential Issues?

A Worldview

An Inclusive Theory

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

Death/Life

Freedom/Responsibility

Isolation/Connection

Meaning/Meaninglessness

Existential Relationships

Sidebar 6.4 Self-Awareness: Can You Risk Being Known?

Hazards on the Journey

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Telling the Story: Finding the Meaning of Myth

Presence

Dream-Work

Existential Group Counseling

Closure

Sidebar 6.5 Self-Awareness: Dealing With Death in Therapy

Brief Intervention Strategies

Sidebar 6.6 Case Study: How to Proceed With Counseling?

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN EXISTENTIAL APPROACH. Case Analysis

Treatment/Intervention Plan

Goal 1: Develop a Therapeutic Relationship and Understand Clarita and Her Situation

Goal 2: Begin Addressing Fears of Loss and Acknowledge All She Has Survived

Goal 3: Develop Trust in the Counselor, Herself, and Possibly a Group

REFERENCES

Chapter 7. Person-Centered Theory

BACKGROUND. Carl R. Rogers

Sidebar 7.1 Rogers Struggles to Find Self-Worth

Theory Background

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

People Are Trustworthy

People Move Toward Self-Actualization

Sidebar 7.2 Jessica Needs a Trusting Relationship

People Have Inner Resources

People Respond to Their Individually Perceived World

Sidebar 7.3 Providing Jessica With Support for Gaining Self-Direction

Interaction With External Factors

Sidebar 7.4 The World Perceived by Jessica

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

No Two People See the World Exactly Alike

Empathic Understanding Is Critical

Sidebar 7.5 The Abusive Husband’s Perceived World

People Make Simple Mistakes in Judgment

Place Confidence in the Client

The Perceived World of the Client May Not Approximate the World Sought

Congruent Individuals Trust Their Worldview

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Active Listening

Reflection of Content and Feelings

Immediacy

Genuineness and Self-Disclosure

Personalized Counselor Actions

Sidebar 7.6 Valencia’s Mother’s Death: Sharing Self as a Part of Being Genuine

Not Helpful

More Helpful

Non-Client-Centered Interventions

Brief Intervention Strategies. Implementation of Core Conditions

Introduction of Constraints

Group Work

The Emergence of Neuroscience

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH

Goal 1: Move From Incongruence to Congruence

Goal 2: Recognize Actualizing Tendencies and Positive Nature

Goal 3: Take Actions to Overcome Senses of Helplessness and Powerlessness

REFERENCES

Chapter 8. Gestalt Theory

BACKGROUND

Frederick (Fritz) Perls

Lore (Laura) Perls

Sidebar 8.1 Six Factors Leading to Psychological Distress

Paul Goodman

Phenomenology, Existentialism, Field Theory, Dialogue, and Gestalt Therapy

Phenomenology

Existentialism

Field Theory

Dialogue

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

Field Theory: Organism and Environment

Phenomenological Field

Holism

Differentiation and Contact

Sidebar 8.2 Mindfulness

Confluence

Boundaries

Dichotomies and Polarities

Foreground and Background

Awareness

Responsibility

Shoulds

I-Thou, What and How, Here and Now

Sidebar 8.3 Shoulds

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A GESTALT APPROACH

Case Conceptualization

Treatment Plan

Therapeutic Goals Via a Gestalt Lens. Goal 1: Develop Awareness

Goal 2: Explore Unfinished Business

Goal 3: Find Empowerment and Learn to Be Self-Actualizing

Experiments

Empty-Chair Technique

Unfinished Business

REFERENCES

Chapter 9. Cognitive Behavioral Theories

BACKGROUND

Behavioral Theory

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Therapy

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS. Behavioral Constructs

Cognitive Constructs

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Behavioral Activation

Socratic Questioning

Self-Monitoring Thought Record

Cognitive Defusion

Brief Intervention Strategies

Sidebar 9.1 “Leaves on a Stream”

Coping Self-Statements

Cognitive Continuum or Scaling

Contingency Management

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A CBT APPROACH

Clarita’s Problem List

Working Hypothesis. Beliefs and Thoughts

Precipitating and Activating Situations

Summary of the Working Hypothesis

Strengths and Assets

Treatment Plan. Goals

Modality

Initial Intervention

REFERENCES

Chapter 10. Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioral Theories With Mindfulness-Based Interventions

BACKGROUND

Sidebar 10.1 Evolution of Third-Wave CBT

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Sidebar 10.2 The Power of Acceptance

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

Sidebar 10.3 Benefits of Mindfulness

Sidebar 10.4 Compare and Contrast

APPLICATIONS

Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Stage 1: Moving From Being Out of Control of One’s Behavior to Being in Control

Stage 2: Moving From Being Emotionally Shut Down to Experiencing Emotions Fully

Stage 3: Building an Ordinary Life and Solving Ordinary Life Problems

Stage 4: Moving From Incompleteness to Completeness/Connection

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Sidebar 10.5 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Sidebar 10.6 Metacognitive Therapy

Sidebar 10.7 Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Strategies to Increase Commitment to Therapy

Problem-Solving Strategies

Validation Strategies

Dialectical Strategies

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A DIALECTICAL APPROACH. Presenting Problem

Course of Treatment

REFERENCES

Chapter 11. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

BACKGROUND

Sidebar 11.1 What’s the Difference?

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Sidebar 11.2 Fun Facts About Albert Ellis

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

The Therapeutic Relationship

The ABC Model

The Therapeutic Process

Maintaining Change

Techniques and Interventions

Cognitive Interventions

Sidebar 11.3 The ABC Model

Emotive Interventions

Sidebar 11.4 Put It to Practice

Behavioral Interventions

Sidebar 11.5 Shame Attack Exercise

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

Anxiety and Social Anxiety

Depression

Addiction

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Sidebar 11.6 A Case for REBT

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN REBT APPROACH. Goal 1: Assess the Problem and Identify Consequences

Goal 2: Assess Irrational Beliefs

Goal 3: Dispute Irrational Beliefs

Goal 4: Strengthen Conviction of New Rational Beliefs

REFERENCES

Chapter 12. Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

BACKGROUND

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Sidebar 12.1 William Glasser’s Final Words of Advice

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

Sidebar 12.2 The Central Place of the Need for Fun

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Present Orientation

Emphasis on Choice

Control of Action

The Importance of Relationship

Techniques and Interventions

Brief Intervention Strategies

Create a Positive Environment

Do the Unexpected

Listen for Metaphors

Summarize and Focus

Be Ethical

Be Redundant or Repetitious

Establish Boundaries

Utilize Procedures: The WDEP System

W: Discussing Wants, Needs, and Perceptions

Sidebar 12.3 The Significance and Subtlety of Language

D: Discussing Behavioral Direction and Doing (Total Behavior)

E: Conducting Evaluations

Sidebar 12.4 Indirect Self-Evaluation

P: Planning

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Sidebar 12.5 Two Kinds of Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A REALITY THERAPY APPROACH

Sidebar 12.6 A Cross-Cultural Application of Reality Therapy

Goal 1: Choosing Positive Options

Goal 2: Establishing the Environment

Goal 3: Using the WDEP Procedures

Goal 4: Formulating Specific Strategies

Length of Treatment and Summary

REFERENCES

Chapter 13. Family Theory

BACKGROUND. Why a Chapter on Family Theory?

Sidebar 13.1 Self-Awareness: Where Does Family Counseling Fit?

Definitions

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Sidebar 13.2 Case Study: Triangulation

The Family Life Cycle

The Family Genogram

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS. Overview

Conjoint (Virginia Satir)

Sidebar 13.3 Self-Awareness: The Family Life Cycle and Countertransference

Structural (Salvador Minuchin)

Strategic (Jay Haley)

Transgenerational Theory (Murray Bowen)

Brief Strategic (José Szapocznik)

Sidebar 13.4 Case Study: Changing the Problematic Interaction Patterns

Multicultural Relational Perspective (Ken Hardy)

Sidebar 13.5 Case Study: Colluding With Repetitive Maladaptive Patterns

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Techniques and Interventions

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A FAMILY COUNSELING APPROACH

Counselors

Session Linguistics

Family Genogram

Family Therapy Process: Opening Phase. Intake Session: Structure

Sidebar 13.6 Clarita’s Geonogram

Intake Session: Interview

Family Therapy Process: Case Conceptualization

Family Therapy Process: Treatment Planning

Session 1: Goal

Session 1: Method—Combining Strategic Family Therapy With Art

Session 1: Free Drawing Art Task

Session 1: Family Mural Art Task

Sidebar 13.7 Self-Awareness: Client Spiritual Beliefs

Sessions 2–5: Goal

Sessions 2–5: Methods

Session 6: Termination

REFERENCES

Chapter 14. Feminist Theory

BACKGROUND

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

A Different Voice

A New Psychology of Women

Self-in-Relation

Gender Schema and Engendered Lives

Summary

Sidebar 14.1 Internalized Gender Messages

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

Sidebar 14.2 Counseling Is . .

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Sidebar 14.3 Counselor Self-Care

Techniques and Interventions

Sidebar 14.4 Counselor Self-Disclosure

Sidebar 14.5 Case Study: Date Rape

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

Sidebar 14.6 Case Study: Employee Assistance Program Counseling

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A FEMINIST APPROACH

REFERENCES

Chapter 15. Constructivist Theories: Solution-Focused and Narrative Therapies

BACKGROUND. Solution-Focused Counseling

Sidebar 15.1 Extratherapeutic Factors: Using Social Justice Counseling Concepts

Narrative Counseling

Sidebar 15.2 A Reflexive Questioning Activity: Establishing Linkages From Actions to Perceptions

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Sidebar 15.3 Constructivist Counseling as a Metatheory: An Umbrella Concept

Narrative Therapy and Development

Sidebar 15.4 Case Study: Sybil Moves On

Narrative Career Counseling

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Sidebar 15.5 Clients as Agents of Their Transformation: Three Tools for Joel

Techniques and Interventions

Brief Intervention Strategies

Sidebar 15.6 It Takes a Village to Raise a Child: The Power of Proverbs

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH

Goal 1: The Client Will Engage in Critical Reflection About the Problem

Goal 2: The Client Will Articulate Exceptions to the Problem

Goal 3: The Client Will Re-Vision Her Future Without the Problem

REFERENCES

Chapter 16. Integrating Theories: Emotion-Focused Therapy

BACKGROUND

Sidebar 16.1 Which EFT?

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Emotion

Attachment

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

Primary, Instrumental, and Secondary Emotions

Adaptive and Maladaptive Emotions

Sidebar 16.2 EFT Emotional Experiences and Their Action Tendencies

Attachment. Attachment Relationships

Attachment Styles

Sidebar 16.3 Summary of Attachment Styles

Safe Haven and Secure Base

Corrective Emotional Experience

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Stabilization

Sidebar 16.4 Counselor Attachment Style

Restructuring

Consolidation

Techniques and Interventions

Sidebar 16.5 Markers and Tasks for Emotional Processing

Tango Move 1: Mirroring Present Process

Tango Move 2: Assembling and Deepening Affect

Tango Move 3: Choreographing Engaged Encounters

Tango Move 4: Processing the Encounter

Tango Move 5: Integrating and Validating

Brief Intervention Strategies

Evocation and Focusing

Two-Chair and Empty-Chair Work

Sidebar 16.6 You and Your Emotions

Enactment Experiments

Proxy Voice

RISSSC

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

EFT for Depression

EFT for Trauma

Process Research

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: AN EFT FOR INDIVIDUALS APPROACH

Stabilization

Goal 1: Use Validation and Evocation

Goal 2: Use Focusing

Restructuring

Goal 3: Begin Working With Sense of Self

Goal 4: Address Unfinished Business

Consolidation

Goal 5: Address Maladaptive Primary Responses

REFERENCES

Chapter 17. Using Creative Approaches in the Context of Counseling and Psychotherapy

BACKGROUND

Sidebar 17.1 RCT: Healing Through Relationships

Ethical Considerations

Sidebar 17.2 Websites of National Organizations of Creative Arts Therapies

Relational Ethics

HUMAN NATURE: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

MAJOR CONSTRUCTS

CIC Is Respectful of Power and Context

Sidebar 17.3 Case Study: The Importance of Considering Power Dynamics

CIC Is Expressed and Experienced in Diverse Ways

CIC May Involve Creative Interventions or Other Media

CIC Promotes Shifts in Thoughts, Feelings, and Perspectives

APPLICATIONS. Overview

Goals of Counseling and Psychotherapy

The Process of Change

Focusing on Relationships

Focusing on Context and Not Pathology

Accessing and Developing Shared Creativity

Experiencing New Perspectives, Self-Compassion, and Greater Creativity

Techniques and Interventions

Art Therapy

Dance/Movement Therapy

Music Therapy

Play Therapy

The Written Word: Expressive Writing and Bibliotherapy

Animal/Pet-Assisted Therapy

Summary

Brief Intervention Strategies

Clients With Serious Mental Health Issues

Sidebar 17.4 In Practice: CIC and Mental Health Diagnoses

SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND LIMITATIONS. Overview

Supporting Research

Context, Emotions, and Personality

CIC, Empowerment, and Well-Being

Limitations

THE CASE OF CLARITA: CREATIVE APPROACHES. Goal 1: Fostering Connection and Personal Awareness

Sidebar 17.5 Yes, You Are Creative!

Goal 2: Conceptualizing Social Contexts and Strategies for Survival

Goal 3: Exploring Life Experience Through Musical Chronology and Emerging Life Song

Sidebar 17.6 Self-Awareness: The Musical Chronology

Goal 4: Exploring Traumatic Nightmares Through Dream-Work

Summary

REFERENCES

Name Index. A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Subject Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

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Encouraging

Restating and paraphrasing strategies enable a counselor or therapist to serve as a sounding board for the client by feeding back thoughts and feelings that the client verbalizes. Restating involves repeating the exact words used by the client. Paraphrasing is repeating the thoughts and feelings of the client but in the words of the counselor or therapist.

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