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Группа авторов. Disaster Victim Identification in the 21st Century
Published and forthcoming titles in the Forensic Science in Focus series
Disaster Victim Identification in the 21st Century. A US Perspective
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
About the Editors
Notes on the Contributors
Preface
Series Preface
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 This Book
CHAPTER 2 Historical Background
2.1 History of Mass Disasters
2.2 Early History of Mass Disaster Response
2.2.1 The Portsmouth Christmas Fires and 1803 Portsmouth Federal Disaster Relief
Box 2.1 A Bill for the Relief of Sufferers by Fire, in the town of Portsmouth [40]
2.2.2 The 1835 Great Fire of New York City
2.2.3 1865 Sultana Explosion
2.2.4 The 1871 Fires
2.2.5 American Red Cross (ARC)
2.2.6 1889 Johnstown Flood
2.2.7 1899 San Ciriaco Hurricane
2.2.8 1900 Galveston Storm
2.2.9 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
2.2.10 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
2.2.11 1912 Sinking of Titanic
2.2.12 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic
2.2.13 1921-22 Russian (Povolzhye) Famine
2.2.14 1927 Mississippi River Flood
2.3 1930s and 1940s Federal Disaster Relief Legislation
2.3.1 World War II Civilian Preparedness and Emergency Assets
2.3.2 Post-WWII Federal Disaster Relief Legislation
2.3.3 Civil Defense Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-920)
2.3.4 Federal Disaster Relief Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-875)
2.4 1950s Federal Disaster Relief
2.5 1960s Beginnings
2.5.1 1960 Hurricane Donna
2.5.2 1961 Hurricane Carla
2.5.3 1962 Ash Wednesday Storm
2.5.4 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake
2.5.5 1960s Federal Activism in the Wake of the Alaskan Earthquake
2.5.6 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak
2.5.7 1965 Hurricane Betsy
2.5.8 Disaster Relief Act of 1966
2.5.9 1968 National Flood Insurance
2.5.10 1969 Hurricane Camille
2.6 Disaster Relief Acts of 1969 and 1970
2.6.1 1971 San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake
2.6.2 1972 Hurricane Agnes
2.6.3 1974 Super Outbreak
2.6.4 Disaster Relief Act Amendments of 1974
2.7 National Emergencies Act of 1976
2.8 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) of 1977
2.9 1979 Executive Orders 12127 & 12148 – Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
2.9.1 1979 Three Mile Island (TMI) Nuclear Accident
2.9.2 1980 Mount St. Helens Volcanic Eruption
2.10 Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 (The Stafford Act)
2.10.1 FEMA under President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
2.10.2 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
2.10.3 1989 Hurricane Hugo
2.10.4 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
2.11 1992 Federal Response Plan (FRP)
2.11.1 1992 Hurricane Andrew
2.11.2 1992 Hurricane Iniki
2.12 FEMA under President William J. Clinton (1993–2001)
2.12.1 1993 Midwest Floods
2.12.2 1994 Northridge Earthquake
2.12.3 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing
2.13 1996 EMAC
2.14 FEMA under President George W. Bush (2001–2009)
2.14.1 2001 Al Qaeda 9/11 Terrorist Attacks
2.15 Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
2.15.1 2005 Hurricane Katrina
2.16 Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (PKEMRA)
2.17 2008 National Response Framework (NRF)
2.18 2011 National Disaster Recovery Framework
2.18.1 2012 Hurricane Sandy
2.18.2 Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 (SRIA)
2.18.3 2017 Hurricane Harvey
2.18.4 2017 Hurricane Maria
2.19 The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA)
2.20 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic
2.21 Summary of Federal Disaster Response
2.22 History of Disaster Victim Identification
2.22.1 Scientific Methods of Identification
2.22.2 Military Identification Efforts
2.22.3 FBI DVI Squad
2.22.4 INTERPOL
2.22.5 Other International Guidance
2.22.6 Disaster Mortuary Operations Response Team (DMORT)
2.22.7 National Association of Medical Examiners
2.22.8 Federal Direction
2.22.9 US Standards Setting Efforts
2.23 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 3 Quality Assurance in Disaster Victim Identification The Case for Standards
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Need for Standards in MDI
3.3 The Need for Standards in DVI
3.4 History of Standards Development in DVI
3.5 Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC)
3.6 Discussion
3.7 Adoption of Standards
3.8 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 4 Medical Examiners, Coroners, and Public and Private Agencies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Medical Examiner/Coroner System
4.3 The US Federal Government and Mass Disasters
4.4 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team
4.5 Transportation Disaster Response
4.6 State Reponses to Mass Fatalities
4.7 The Private Sector
4.8 Summary
References
CHAPTER 5 DVI Morgue Operations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 DVI Morgue Considerations
5.2.1 Morgue Site Selection
5.2.2 Incident Command System
5.3 Workflow in the DVI Morgue
5.4 DVI Morgue Stations
5.4.1 Non-forensic Stations
5.4.2 Forensic Stations
5.5 Information Resource Center
5.6 Identification and Reconciliation
5.7 Summary
References
CHAPTER 6 Forensic Odontology and Disaster Victim Identification
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods of Identification of an Individual. 6.2.1 Non-Dental Methods of Identification
6.2.2 Dental Identification
6.3 Theoretical Basis for Comparative Dental Analysis. 6.3.1 Basic Theory
6.3.2 The 32 Teeth Concept
6.3.3 Logical Direction of Change
6.3.4 Comparison Discrepancies
6.3.5 Concordant Features
6.4 The Antemortem Dental Record
6.4.1 Tooth Numbering Systems
Box 6.1 ISO FDI Numbering System
Box 6.2 Universal numbering system
6.5 Laws Governing the Transfer of Protected Dental Information
6.5.1 Electronic Dental Record
6.5.2 Issues Concerning Dental Data
6.6 The Postmortem Dental Record
6.7 The Dental Autopsy
6.7.1 Visible Light Fluorescence
6.7.2 Craniofacial Dissection
6.7.3 Antemortem Radiographs
6.7.4 Postmortem Radiographs
6.7.5 Types of Imaging Devices
6.7.5.1 Film
6.7.5.2 Phosphorus Storage Plates (PSP)
6.7.6 Digital Sensors
6.7.7 Radiographic Sources
6.7.8 Types of Dental Radiographs
6.7.8.1 Intraoral Radiographs
6.7.8.2 Extraoral Radiographs
6.7.9 Radiographic Guidelines
6.8 Intraoral and Extraoral Photographs
6.8.1 Postmortem Photographs
6.9 Study Casts
6.10 Denture Labeling
6.11 Dental Age Assessment
6.12 Characterization of Dental Materials
6.13 Reconciliation
6.13.1 Source Conclusions
6.13.2 Serial Unmasking
6.13.3 Criteria for Comparison and Reconciliation
6.13.4 Reporting
6.13.5 Terminology
6.14 Assembling the Forensic Odontology Team
6.14.1 Leadership Team
6.14.2 Administration Team
6.14.3 Site Assessment Team
6.14.4 Antemortem Team
6.14.5 Postmortem Team
6.14.6 Coding Team
6.14.7 Information Technology Team
6.14.8 Photographic Team
6.14.9 Reconciliation (Comparison) Team
6.14.10 Identification Review Board (IRB)
6.15 Computer-Assisted Dental Identification
6.15.1 Computer Assisted Post-Mortem Identification (CAPMI)
6.15.2 WinID3
6.15.3 UVIS/UDIM
6.15.4 DVI System International
6.15.5 OdontoSearch
6.16 Ethical Considerations
6.17 Demobilization and After-Action Reports. 6.17.1 Demobilization
6.17.2 Preservation of Dental Data. 6.17.2.1 Preservation of Antemortem Dental Data
6.17.2.2 Preservation of Postmortem Dental Data
6.17.3 Post-Action Follow-Up
6.17.4 Planning and Training
6.18 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 7 Fingerprints and DVI
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Role of Fingerprints in DVI
7.3 The DVI Process and Fingerprints
7.4 Postmortem Fingerprinting Station
7.5 Personnel and Postmortem Fingerprinting
7.6 Postmortem Fingerprinting Process
7.6.1 Inspection and Cleansing
7.6.2 Rehydration
Box 7.1 Case Studies
Box 7.2 Case Studies in Database Use:
7.6.2.1 Macerated Remains
7.6.2.1.1 Tissue Injection
7.6.2.1.2 Degloving
7.6.2.1.3 Boiling Method
7.6.2.2 Thermal Modification (Charred/burned Skin)
7.6.2.2.1 Tendon Release
7.6.2.2.2 Break and Twist Method
7.6.2.3 Desiccation (Mummification)
7.6.2.3.1 Sodium Hydroxide Reconditioning
7.6.2.3.2 Ammonium Hydroxide Reconditioning
7.6.2.3.3 Detergent Soaking Reconditioning
7.6.3 Collecting PM Prints
7.6.3.1 Digital Capture
7.6.3.2 Powder and Adhesive Lifters
7.6.3.3 Ink and Paper
7.6.3.4 Casting
7.6.3.5 Photography
7.7 Searching/AM Records
7.7.1 Database Searches
7.7.2 AM Purported Knowns
7.7.3 Palm Prints and Footprints
7.8 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 8 DNA Technology and the Future of Disaster Victim Identification
8.1 Introduction
8.2 STRs and Mini-STRs
8.3 Lineage Markers
8.4 Next Generation Sequencing
8.5 Rapid DNA
8.6 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 9 The Victim Information Center and Data Collection Its Evolving Role in DVI
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 History of the Family Assistance Center
9.2 Overall Function of the Victim Information Center
9.2.1 Incident Operations
Box 9.1 Victim Identification Center Staffing Roles. The number of individuals (suggested in parentheses) to staff roles will vary with the scope of the MFI
9.2.2 Meeting the Needs of Families and Survivors
9.2.3 Briefings and Communication
9.3 Components of the Victim Information Center. 9.3.1 Temporary Reception Center
9.3.2 Call Centers
9.3.2.1 Missing Persons Call Center
9.3.2.2 Air Carrier Call Center
9.4 Accounting for the Victims
9.4.1 Victim Information Program
9.5 Considerations for the Victim Information Center. 9.5.1 Equipment and Personnel
9.5.2 Function and Location
9.5.3 Closing the Victim Information Center
9.6 Available Resources
Box 9.2 Mass Fatality Management Resources
Box 9.3 General Disaster Resources
References
CHAPTER 10 Ethical and Legal Considerations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 State Authority for Fatality Management
10.3 Federal Medicolegal Death Investigations
10.3.1 Assassination of the President or Other Federal Officials
10.4 Legislatively Mandated Scientific Identification
10.5 Missing Persons Acts and Presumptive Deaths
10.6 Rights of the Dead
10.7 Rights of Others in the Dead
10.8 Constitutional Considerations in Responding to Disasters
10.9 Emergency Powers
10.10 Stafford Act
10.11 Federal Executive Administration
10.12 State and Local Executive Administration
10.13 Military Assistance
10.14 Transportation Incidents
10.15 Terrorist Incidents
10.16 Infectious Epidemics
10.17 National Emergency Family Registry and Locator System/National Call Center
10.18 International Legal Considerations in DVI
10.18.1 The US Department of State
10.18.2 Nation-specific Laws
10.18.3 Obligation to Identify Victims
10.18.4 International Disaster Response Law
Box 10.1 Key IASC Operational Guidelines
10.18.5 International Treaties
10.18.6 International Humanitarian Law
10.18.7 International Human Rights Law
10.18.8 Missing and Disappeared Treaties
10.18.9 International Resources
10.18.10 Aviation and Maritime Deaths
10.18.11 Presumed Deaths
10.18.12 Customs
10.18.13 Telecommunications
10.18.14 International Framework for Risk Reduction
10.19 Ethical Considerations in DVI
10.19.1 Community Resilience
10.19.2 Equal Treatment
10.19.3 Respectful Treatment of the Remains
10.19.4 Respect for the Beliefs of the Deceased
10.19.5 Respect for Loved Ones
10.19.6 Respectful Communications
10.19.7 Haitian Example [184–186]
10.20 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 11 DVI in the Changing Twenty-first Century
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Trend Analysis
11.2.1 Megatrend #1: Population Shift and Megacity Growth
11.2.2 Megatrend #2: Change in Disaster Types that Result in MFIs
11.2.3 Megatrend #3: Massive Technological Advancement
11.2.4 Megatrend #4: Social Media and Social Expectations
11.2.5 Megatrend #5: The Specialization of Ethics
11.2.6 Megatrend #6: A New Dynamic Disaster Management System
11.2.7 Megatrend #7: A New DVI Model
11.2.8 Megatrend #8: Healthcare and the National and International Privatization of Medicine
11.3 Forcefield Analysis
11.3.1 Drivers of Change: Regulation and Legal Factors
11.3.2 Drivers and Constrainers of Change: Politics
11.3.3 Constrainers of Change
11.3.4 A Neutral Context to Gain Insight regarding Driving and Constraining Forces
11.4 DVI Futures in the Twenty-first Century
11.4.1 The Quantum Forensics World
11.4.2 The Modern Crowners World
11.4.3 The Launch-Resistant Forensics World
11.4.4 The Hey Buddy Innovator World
11.5 Future DVI Strategy Performance
11.5.1 DVI Strategies
11.5.2 Stress-Testing Strategies Against DVI Futures
11.6 SWOT Analysis
11.6.1 Strengths
11.6.2 Weaknesses
11.6.3 Opportunities
11.6.4 Threats
11.7 Actionable Recommendations. 11.7.1 Refresh the ME/C Mission Statement
11.7.2 Create an Enduring DVI Vision
11.7.3 Envision a Future Smart Independent Regional Forensic Science System and Move Toward Implementing This Model
11.7.4 Develop Alternate DVI Standards
11.8 Closing Thoughts
References
Index
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