Classical Sociological Theory
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Группа авторов. Classical Sociological Theory
Classical Sociological Theory
Contents
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Notes on the Editors
Acknowledgments
PART I
PART II
PART III
PART IV
PART V
PART VI
PART VII
PART VIII
PART IX
PART X
Introduction
The Idea of ‘Classical’ Theory
From Social Thought to Sociological Theory
Modernity and the Great Transformation
Conclusion
NOTES
Part I. Precursors to Sociological Theory
Introduction to Part I
The Idea of Society
Enlightenment and Science
Authors and Readings
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1. Of the Natural Condition and the Commonwealth [1651]
Of the Naturall Condition of Mankind, as concerning their Felicity, and Misery
Of the first and second Naturall Lawes
Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Common-wealth
Of the Rights of Soveraignes by Institution
Chapter 2 Of the Social Contract [1762]
Subject of the First Book
The First Societies
The Right of the Strongest
Slavery
That We Must Always Go Back to a First Convention
The Social Compact
The Sovereign
The Civil State
Real Property
NOTES
Chapter 3 What is Enlightenment? [1784]
Chapter 4 The Wealth of Nations [1776]
Of the Division of Labour
Of the Principle Which Gives Occasion to the Division of Labour
Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of Such Goods as Can Be Produced at Home
Part II. Liberal Theories of Social Order
Introduction to Part II
Alexis de Tocqueville
Harriet Martineau
Jane Addams
Karl Polanyi
SELECTED REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Influence of Democracy on the Feelings of the Americans [1840]
Why Democratic Nations Show a More Ardent and Enduring Love of Equality than of Liberty
Of Individualism in Democratic Countries
That the Americans Combat the Effects of Individualism by Free Institutions
Of the Use Which the Americans Make of Public Associations in Civil Life
Of the Relation Between Public Associations and Newspapers
Connexion of Civil and Political Associations
The Americans Combat Individualism by the Principle of Interest Rightly Understood
NOTES
Chapter 6 Tyranny of the Majority [1840]
Unlimited Power of the Majority in the United States, and its Consequences
Tyranny of the Majority
Power Exercised by the Majority in America Upon Opinion
Effects of the Tyranny of the Majority Upon the National Character of the Americans
The Greatest Dangers of the American Republics Proceed from the Unlimited Power of the Majority
NOTES
Chapter 7 What Sort of Despotism Democratic Nations Have to Fear [1840]
Chapter 8 Society in America [1837]
Political Non-Existence of Women
Morals of Slavery
NOTE
Chapter 9 A Belated Industry [1896]
Chapter 10 Freedom in a Complex Society [1944]
Part III. Introduction to the Sociological Theory of Karl Marx
Introduction to Part III
Marx’s Life and Intellectual Outlook
Philosophy and Marx’s Sociology of Knowledge
Marx on History
Economic Sociology
Politics, Class Struggle and Revolution
Implications and Marx’s Legacy
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11 The German Ideology [1845]
First Premises of Materialist Method
Ruling Class and Ruling Ideas
Chapter 12 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
NOTE
Chapter 13 Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]
I Bourgeois and Proletarians1
II Proletarians and Communists
NOTES
Chapter 14 Wage-Labour and Capital [1847]
Chapter 15 Classes [1867]
Chapter 16 The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof [1867]
Chapter 17 The General Formula for Capital [1867]
Part IV. The Sociological Theory of Émile Durkheim
Introduction to Part IV
Durkheim’s Life and Intellectual Context
Durkheim’s Work
Durkheim’s Legacy
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18 The Rules of Sociological Method [1895]
NOTES
Chapter 19 The Division of Labor in Society [1893]
The Problem
The Function of the Division of Labour
Mechanical Solidarity, or Solidarity by Similarities
Solidarity Arising from the Division of Labour, or Organic Solidarity
The Causes
The Anomic Division of Labour
NOTES
Chapter 20 The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life [1912]
NOTES
Chapter 21 Suicide [1897]
How to Determine Social Causes and Social Types
Altruistic Suicide
Anomic Suicide
NOTE
Part V. The Sociological Theory of Max Weber
Introduction to Part V
Weber’s Life and Work
Social Theory and Social Science
Weber’s Legacy in Sociology
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 22 “Objectivity” in Social Science [1904]
NOTE
Chapter 23 Basic Sociological Terms [1914]
1 The Definition of Sociology and of Social Action
(A) Methodological Foundations
B. Social Action
2 Types of Social Action
Chapter 24 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism [1930]
Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification
Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism
Chapter 25 The Distribution of Power within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party [1914]
A. Economically Determined Power and the Status Order
B. Determination of Class Situation by Market Situation
C. Social Action Flowing from Class Interest
D. Types of Class Struggle
E. Status Honor
F. Ethnic Segregation and Caste
G. Status Privileges
H. Economic Conditions and Effects of Status Stratification
I. Parties
Chapter 26 The Types of Legitimate Domination [1914]
The Basis of Legitimacy
Legal Authority With a Bureaucratic Administrative Staff
Traditional Authority
Charismatic Authority
The Routinization of Charisma
Chapter 27 Bureaucracy [1922]
Characteristics of Modern Bureaucracy
The Position of the Official Within and Outside of Bureaucracy
I. Office Holding as a Vocation
II. The Social Position of the Official
The Technical Superiority of Bureaucratic Organization over Administration by Notables
The Leveling of Social Differences
A. Administrative Democratization
B. Mass Parties and the Bureaucratic Consequences of Democratization
The Objective and Subjective Bases of Bureaucratic Perpetuity
Part VI. Self and Society
Introduction to Part VI
Lives and Intellectual Contexts
Self and Society
Legacies of the Self
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 28 The Self [1934]
The “I” and the “Me”
NOTES
Chapter 29 The Stranger [1908]
NOTE
Chapter 30 The Triad [1908]
1. The Sociological Significance of the Third Element
2. The Non-Partisan and the Mediator
3. The Tertius Gaudens1
4. Divide et Impera
NOTE
Chapter 31 The Metropolis and Mental Life [1903]
Chapter 32 The Souls of Black Folk [1903]
Of Our Spiritual Strivings
Chapter 33 The Damnation of Women [1920]
Sex and Racism
Part VII. Critical Theory
Introduction to Part VII
The Project of a Critical Theory of Society
The Legacy of Critical Theory
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 34 Traditional and Critical Theory [1937]
NOTES
Chapter 35 The Culture Industry [1944]
The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception
Chapter 36 One-Dimensional Man [1964]
NOTES
Chapter 37 Reflections on Violence [1969]
I
II
NOTES
Part VIII. Sociology of Knowledge
Introduction to Part VIII
SELECTED REFERENCES
Chapter 38 Ideology and Utopia [1929]
Definition of Concepts
The Problem of False Consciousness
Utopia, Ideology, and the Problem of Reality
Chapter 39 The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge [1966]
Origins of Institutionalization
Chapter 40 The Phenomenology of the Social World [1932]
The Ambiguities in the Ordinary Notion of Understanding the Other Person
The Nature of Genuine Intersubjective Understanding
Meaning-Establishment and Meaning-Interpretation
The Meaning-Context of Communication. Recapitulation
Subjective and Objective Meaning. Product and Evidence
Part IX. Functionalism
Introduction to Part IX
Lives and Intellectual Contexts
American Structural Functionalism
The Legacy of Functionalism
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 41 The Position of Sociological Theory [1948]
A Few Basic Postulates
Some Methodological Prerequisites of the Formulation of a System
The Main Conceptual Components of the Social System
Institutions as the Theoretical Focus of Sociological Science
NOTES
Chapter 42 Manifest and Latent Functions [1957]
NOTES
Chapter 43 Social Structure and Anomie [1938]
NOTES
Part X. Social Exchange
Introduction to Part X
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 44 Social Behavior as Exchange [1958]
An Exchange Paradigm
The Influence Process
Practical Equilibrium
Profit and Social Control
Distributive Justice
Exchange and Social Structure
Summary
NOTES
Chapter 45 Exchange and Power in Social Life [1964]
Basic Processes
Unspecified Obligations and Trust
NOTES
Index
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Fourth Edition
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Issues like this illustrate what Polanyi called the ‘embedding’ of markets in society. To say something like “it’s all just supply and demand” is not realism about economic life but a radical abstraction from actually existing markets and social life. Abstraction can be a useful tool, but when it is confused with more complex reality it becomes ideology and is usually misleading. Similarly, evolution is not just a shift from culturally embedded codes of status to markets and contracts that are somehow autonomous from culture and society. First, changes usually reflect power relations. Second, both markets and contracts are shaped deeply by differentiations rooted in the rest of social life. The different roles and rewards given to women workers offer a prime example.
Karl Marx also pointed out that economic production depended on social organized reproduction – like raising children. Polanyi showed how both family and community mattered. But neither Marx nor Polanyi went deeply into the gender roles that made childrearing and reproduction more generally largely women’s work. This became a theme for 20th century feminist theorists. As Jane Addams (excerpted here) pointed out, much was unpaid, embedded in family relations. And when household labor was paid – commodified – it often meant racial minorities and immigrants working for middle class families.
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