Оглавление
Группа авторов. The Climate City
The Climate City
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Table
List of Box
Guide
Pages
Acknowledgements
Authors Biographies
Introduction
An Expanding Problem
Acceptance and Reframing
The Logic of the Book
Flow of the Chapters
Notes
1 The Ambitious City – Introduction
1 The Ambitious City
Ambitious Citizens in Ambitious Cities
Cities: The Need for Ambition and Clarity
“Net-Zero” and Beyond for Cities
And Beyond …
Ambition and Clarity at the Global Level
Ambition at the City Level
“Fully Scoped”: What Does This Mean?
“Science-Based”: What Does This Mean?
“Paris-Agreement-Compliant”: What Does This Mean?
“Cumulative”: What Does This Mean?
Box 1.1 Case study: If Microsoft was a city – a best-practice model?
From Bold Leadership Goals to System Change
Conclusion
Notes
2 The Civilized City – Introduction
2 The Civilized City
Uruk
Mesopotamia
Memphis – Ancient Egypt
Rome
Venice
1665 London
The Great Fire of London
Cholera
Sewage
Modern London
Jerusalem
Eco-cities. Dongtan, Shanghai
Masdar, UAE
Neom, Saudi Arabia
Christchurch, New Zealand
Conclusion
Notes
3 The Emerging City – Introduction
3. The Emerging City
Emerging from History
Emerging from Nature
Plus ça Change
Conclusion
Notes
4 The Sustainable City – Introduction
4. The Sustainable City
Testing the Decade of Delivery
Extraordinary Circumstances and Extraordinary Solidarity
The Heroes of Cities and Communities
Where Do We Start?
Sustainable Development Won’t Happen if it Doesn’t Happen in Cities
From Ante-Theatre to Main Stage: Cities’ Role in a Green, Sustainable Future
Conclusion
Notes
5 The Vocal City – Introduction
5. The Vocal City
The Building Blocks
The Start of a Movement
Building a Big Tent: Brave Firsts at the Local Level
Box 5.1 The Mayor’s Climate Protection Agreement
Box 5.2 The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
Box 5.3 The EU Covenant of Mayors
Box 5.4 Establishment of ICLEI
Securing a Seat at the Negotiating Table: Building the Evidence Base and Calling Out Inaction
Evolution of the City Network
Evolution of Data Through Collective Action
Moving Together in Partnership as a Global Community
Box 5.5 The Leadership for Urban Climate Investment Initiative
Box 5.6 The International Ministerial Mission Innovation
Box 5.7 The International Coalition for Sustainable Infrastructure
Conclusion
Notes
6 The Governed City – Introduction
6. The Governed City
Case Study: Copenhagen
A Continuum of Good Governance
Lessons Learned
City Governance Must Focus on How to Implement Policies Rather than What Policies to Implement
City Governance Must Make Room for the Growth of New Large-Scale Institutions
City Governance Must Create Institutions with Holistic Focus
City Governance Must Have Access to Financial Sophistication
City Governance Should Balance Power Across the Public and Private Sectors
City Governance Links Different Levels of Government and Sectors of Society
City Governance Links and Leverages Different Institutional Actions Within Cities
Conclusion
Notes
7 The Decoupled City – Introduction
7. The Decoupled City
Cities at the Epicentre of Challenges and Solutions
Currently Available Measures Can Cut Urban Emissions by 90% by 2050
Investing in Zero-Carbon Cities Can Drive National Prosperity in the Short, Medium, and Long Term
Profound Urban Transformation Is Possible Through Collaboration Between National and Local Governments
Box 7.1 Examples of urban transformation
These Pockets of Success Show Us What Life Could Be Like in a Zero-Carbon City
The Costs of Inaction Are Staggering
Coordinated Action Among Local and National Governments Is Needed to Drive the Zero-Carbon Urban Transition
There Is a Short Window of Opportunity Open Now for National Governments to Place Zero-Carbon Cities at the Heart of National Development and Climate Strategies
Conclusion
Notes
8 The Responsible City – Introduction
8. The Responsible City
Shared Effort, Shared Gains
Accelerating Action: Digitalization Holds the Key
Leaders Use Their Influence for Positive Impact
Case Study: The West Midlands – A Re-Imagined, Responsible Region
Accelerating Action in Practice
Responsible Vision and Leadership
Conclusion
Notes
9 The Energized City – Introduction
9. The Energized City
The Growing Demand for Energy and the Increasing Role of Electrification
Driving Economic Growth, Tackling Air Pollution, and Climate Change – The Role for Electrification
The Context and Challenges for Cities Differ
The Role for Cities
Have a Clear and Actionable Plan
Using Their Planning Powers to Shift Towards Zero-Carbon Development
The Push for More Efficient Buildings
Increasing the Use of Renewables
Driving Innovation and Switching Energy Systems to Electrical Power
Conclusion
Notes
10 The Agile City (Part I) – Introduction
10. 10 The Agile City (Part I)
Effects of Restricting People’s Movement
Impacts of Transportation Networks on Cities
What Will Change? What Do We Have to Look Forward to?
The Disconnect between Vision and Reality
Conclusion
Notes
11 The Agile City (Part II) – Introduction
11. The Agile City (Part II)
Environmental, Social, and Economic Co-Benefits Cannot Be Overstated
Environmental Benefits
Social Benefits
Economic Benefits
Cities Have a Variety of Tools to Bring About Positive Change
Recent Global Events Have Further Nudged Cities Towards Recentring People and Their Free Mobility at the Heart of Cities
Conclusion
Notes
12 The Habitable City (Part I) – Introduction
12. The Habitable City (Part I)
Addressing the Quantitative Housing Deficit
Build Vertically
Box 12.1 Case study: Ethiopian condominium programme
Build Green
Box 12.2 Case study: Green housing in Mongolia5
Box 12.3 Case study: EDGE Green Building Certification6
Build Resilient
Addressing the Qualitative Housing Deficit
Identifying Vulnerabilities
Box 12.4 Case study: Global Program for Resilient Housing12
Green Retrofits
Box 12.5 Case study: Alaska Housing Finance Corporation13
Disaster Mitigating Retrofits
Box 12.6 Case study: iBUILD + Miyamoto
Conclusion
Notes
13 The Habitable City (Part II) – Introduction
13. The Habitable City (Part II)
Precision Manufactured Housing
Public Housing
Case Study: 101 George Street, Croydon, London
Scaling Up Production
Box 13.1 PRiSM
A Materials Revolution
Embodied and Sequestered Carbon
Cradle to Grave
PMH with Timber
A Global Transition to Growing Our Homes
Conclusion
Notes
14 The Resourceful City – Introduction
13 The Resourceful City
Measuring Inefficiencies
Taking a Circular Approach to Resources
Moving to Zero Waste
Promoting Material Reuse
Creating Recycling Systems for the Twenty-First Century
Reducing the Costs of Waste Management in Cities
Case Study
Conclusion
Notes
15 The Zero Waste City – Introduction
15. The Zero Waste City
Policy
Technology
Mechanical Sorting
Conversion Technologies
Production Technologies
Finance
Zero Waste in the Global North and South: A Case Study in Efficiency and Climate Benefits
Conclusion
Notes
16 The Resilient City – Introduction
16. The Resilient City
Refocus on Resilience
From Why to How
Delivering the Infrastructure to Support Resilience Planning
Making the Case for Resilience Funding
Conclusion
Notes
17 The Fragile City – Introduction
17. The Fragile City
Lessons from the Global COVID-19 Pandemic
From Fragility to Resilience: A Call for Urban Metamorphosis
Conclusion
Notes
18 The Data City – Introduction
18. The Data City
Box 18.1 Tenets of local data supporting collective global action
Avoiding Mistakes of the Past: Government and Data – A Century-Long Journey
City Climate Action: The Urban Context
Box 18.2 Urban climate data and questions of focus
Refocusing Public–Private Partnerships to Power a Data Revolution
A Path Forward: Political Power, Procurement, and Platforms
Required Design Parameters in Order to Ensure a Successful Pivot
Conclusion
Notes
19 The Measured City – Introduction
19. The Measured City
Advancing the Measured City: Why Should We Focus on Globally Standardized Measurement in Cities?
What Global Standards Exist for City Data that Drive and Enable “the Measured City”?
About the ISO 37120 Series
Across the Three Standards in the ISO 37120 Series
About ISO 37120: Indicators for Sustainable Cities
About ISO 37122: Indicators for Smart Cities
About ISO 37123: Indicators for Resilient Cities
Why Is “the Measured City” so Important for Cities Today, and How Are Cities Embracing Global Standards to Propel Their Success?
Conclusion
Notes
20 The Smart City – Introduction
20. The Smart City
Technologies Enable Smarter, Greener, and More Prosperous Cities
Environment and Health
Congestion
Safety
Adoption and Resilience
Jobs
Operational Efficiency
Climate Impact of Technologies
Case Study: Electric Vehicles for Carbon Emission Reduction
Interconnected Technologies
Conclusion
Notes
21 The Just City – Introduction
Part I
Part II
Part III
Notes
21 The Just City (Part I)
Human Costs of Air Pollution
Co-benefits of Good Air Quality
Addressing an Invisible Adversary
Low-Hanging Fruit: Tackling Vehicle Emissions
Case Study: Seoul – The Cheonggyecheon Expressway
Conclusion
Notes
21 The Just City (Part II)
From Air Pollution to Data Revolution: How London’s Fight for Clean Air Is Based on Data
Conclusion
Notes
21 The Just City (Part III)
Ella
The Problem
Where Are We?
Resurgence
Cleaner and Fewer
Don’t Add to the Problem
Conclusion
Notes
22 The Invested City – Introduction
22. The Invested City
Sustainable Capitalism and Accelerating Sustainability Trends
Cities as Financial Centres (Mainstreaming Sustainable Investing)
Cities as Investments (Sustainable Innovations)
Net-Zero Buildings and Natural Infrastructure
Personal Mobility and Public Transport
Clean Energy, Storage, and Grids
Local, Healthy, and Accessible Food
Conclusion
Notes
23 The Financed City – Introduction
23. The Financed City
Why Cities Matter
Cities Will Remain Central to Our Collective Wellbeing
Cities Are Complex, Interrelated Systems
Cities Are Already Committing to a Sustainable Future
There Are Significant Benefits from these Actions
Net-Zero Is Not Enough
Financing the Transition. The Current Way of Doing Things Needs to Change
The Need to Address the Tragedy of the Horizon
Public, Private, and City Finance Is Changing
Cities Can Create a New Paradigm for Financing the Low Carbon Circular Transition
Creditworthiness Is at the Heart of this New Paradigm
Box 23.1 Range of city creditworthiness for selected cities and their corresponding country
Combining Funding and Financing
Creating a More Viable and Equitable System. Opportunities for Investment
Three Key Enablers
Increasing the Effectiveness of Devolved Decision-Making
Shifting the Focus to Consumption and Waste
Box 23.2 Role of the circular economy
A Vision-Led Approach
Box 23.3 Declaring a climate emergency
Conclusion
Notes
24 The Adapted City – Introduction
Notes
24 The Adapted City
Adapting to Heat
Planting Trees
Creating Shade
Adding Water Features
Improving the Public Right of Way
Cooling Roofs
Adapting to Too Much Water
Increasing Permeable Surfaces
Financing Green Stormwater Infrastructure
Conclusion
Notes
25 The Open City – Introduction
Notes
25. The Open City
Nature and Importance of Public Space
Theory and Practice of Public Space Provision
Peopled Landscapes
Strategies for New Public Spaces in the City
Conclusion
Notes
26 The Natural City – Introduction
26 The Natural City
Case Study: Woodberry Wetlands, Hackney, London
Background
History
Notes
27 The Climate-Resilient City – Introduction
27. The Climate-Resilient City
Supply of Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Financing
Demand for Financing Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
The Quito Metro: A Latin American Case Study
Conclusion
Notes
28 The Green City – Introduction
28. The Green City
Results, Challenges, and Opportunities. How Far Have We Come and How Did We Get There?
Energy Consumption
Energy Production
Mobility
City Administration Own Initiatives
Box 28.1 Key facts about energy consumption in buildings in Chinese cities
Climate Adaptation
Conclusion. What Are Our Next Steps? What Will Happen after 2025?
Notes
29 The Powerful City – Introduction
29. The Powerful City
Ending the Reign of the Car and Redesigning Cities for People
Reducing Emissions with the Electrification of Transport
Cutting Emissions from Energy Use
Reducing Emissions from Construction
Cities and the Shift to Sustainable Finance
Cities and the Post-Pandemic Recovery
Jobs and an Inclusive Economy
Resilience and Equity
Health and Wellbeing
Amsterdam and the Doughnut Economic Model
Conclusion
Notes
30 Epilogue
Notes
Index
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