Оглавление
Группа авторов. Animal Behavior for Shelter Veterinarians and Staff
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Animal Behavior for Shelter Veterinarians and Staff
List of Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Introduction
1 Introduction to Dog Behavior
1.1 Evolutionary History of the Species
1.2 Dogs and Humans
1.2.1 Dog Interspecific Social Cognition
1.2.2 Dog‐Human Relationships
1.2.3 Relationships between Dogs
1.3 Dog Behavioral Development
1.3.1 Neonatal and Transitional Periods
1.3.2 Sensitive or Socialization Period
1.3.3 Juvenile and Adolescent Periods
1.3.4 Senior Dogs
1.4 Dog Communication
1.4.1 Visual Communication
1.4.2 Acoustic Communication
1.4.3 Olfactory Communication
1.5 Complex Behaviors
1.6 Influences on Dog Behavior
1.6.1 Breeds and Behavior
1.6.2 Spay and Neuter and Behavior
1.6.3 Shelter Environment
1.6.3.1 Age
1.6.3.2 Prior Kenneling
1.6.3.3 People
1.6.3.4 Conspecifics
1.6.3.5 Smells
1.6.3.6 Sounds
1.6.3.7 Lack of Predictability and Control
1.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
2 Introduction to Cat Behavior
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Domestication
2.3 Sensory Perception
2.3.1 Vision
2.3.2 Hearing
2.3.3 Olfaction
2.3.4 Taste
2.3.5 Touch and Balance
2.4 Communication. 2.4.1 Vocalization
2.4.2 Scent
2.4.3 Visual Signals
2.5 Behavioral Development
2.5.1 Genetics
2.5.2 Sensitive Periods of Development. 2.5.2.1 Prenatal
2.5.2.2 Neonatal (0–14 days)
2.5.2.3 Socialization (Two–Seven Weeks)
2.5.2.4 Juvenile (Seven Weeks–Sexual Maturity)
2.5.2.5 Adult (Sexual and Social Maturity)
2.6 Maintenance Behaviors. 2.6.1 Play
2.6.2 Hunting
2.6.3 Ingestive Behavior
2.6.4 Elimination
2.6.5 Scratching
2.6.6 Reproduction
2.7 Sociality. 2.7.1 Intraspecific
2.7.2 Interspecific
2.7.3 Aggression
2.7.3.1 Play Aggression
2.7.3.2 Territorial Aggression
2.7.3.3 Fear‐Related Aggression
2.7.3.4 Redirected Aggression
2.7.3.5 Treatment for Aggression
2.7.4 Fears, Phobias, and Anxiety
2.8 Learning and Cognition
2.9 Conclusions
References
3 How Animals Learn
3.1 Introduction: What Is Learning?
3.2 Non‐associative Learning
3.3 Associative Learning. 3.3.1 Respondent Conditioning
Box 3.1 Understanding Respondent Conditioning. Can you identify the neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, and unconditioned response in this example?
Do you think you labeled them correctly? Here is the answer:
3.3.2 Operant Conditioning
3.4 Effectiveness of Consequences
Box 3.2 Variable Schedule Reinforcement in the Shelter. Training Dogs to Sit Using Variable Ratio Reinforcement
Training Dogs Not to Bark Using Variable Interval Reinforcement
3.4.1 Conditioned Reinforcement and Conditioned Punishment
3.4.2 Extinction and Shaping
3.4.3 Stimulus Control
3.4.3.1 Discrimination and Generalization
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 The Relationship between Physiology and Behavior in Dogs and Cats
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Concepts of the Relationship between Medical and Behavioral Issues
4.3 Recognizing the Behavior of the Sick Animal
Box 4.1 General Behavioral Responses to Illness in Dogs and Cats
4.3.1 Cats
4.4 The Role of Stress
4.4.1 Cats
4.5 The Behavior of Pain
4.5.1 Cats
4.5.2 Neuropathic Pain
4.6 Common Medical Conditions Resulting in Behavioral Signs. 4.6.1 Anxiety Disorders
Box 4.2 Behavioral Signs of Anxiety
4.6.2 Neurological Disorders
4.6.2.1 Neoplasia
4.6.2.1.1 Dogs
4.6.2.1.2 Cats
4.6.2.2 Seizures
4.6.2.2.1 Cats
4.6.2.3 Toxicosis
4.6.2.4 Degenerative Conditions
4.6.2.5 Inflammatory Conditions
4.6.3 Urogenital Disorders
Box 4.3 Infectious and Parasitic Causes of Central Nervous System Signs in Dogs and Cats
4.6.3.1 Urinary Incontinence
Box 4.4 Medical Causes of Urinary Housesoiling in Dogs and Cats
4.6.3.3.1 Dogs
4.6.3.2 Cats
4.6.4 Gastrointestinal Disorders
4.6.4.1 Pica
4.6.5 Dermatological Disease
4.6.5.1 Overgrooming
4.6.5.2 Acral Lick Dermatitis
4.6.5.3 Feline Hyperesthesia
4.6.5.4 Self‐Injurious Behaviors
4.6.6 Endocrine Disease
4.6.6.1 Dogs
4.6.6.2 Cats
Box 4.5 Medical Conditions That May Result in Repetitive Behaviors
4.7 Medical Conditions That Have Breed Tendencies and Their Associated Behavior Changes
4.8 Behavior and/or Medical Conditions Seen in Intact versus Neutered Dogs. 4.8.1 Female Canine
4.8.1.1 Pseudopregnancy (Pseudocyesis, False Pregnancy)
4.8.1.2 Mastitis
4.8.1.3 Eclampsia
4.8.1.4 Metritis
4.8.1.5 Pyometra
4.8.1.6 Mammary Tumors
4.8.1.7 Ovarian Tumors
4.8.1.8 Ovarian Remnant
4.8.2 Male Canine. 4.8.2.1 Prostatic Disease
4.8.2.2 Cryptorchid Testis
4.8.2.3 Testicular Tumors
4.8.3 Normal Sex‐Related Behaviors. 4.8.3.1 Marking
4.8.3.2 Non‐copulatory Mounting
4.8.3.3 Masturbation
4.8.4 Effects of Gonadectomy on the Behavior of Dogs
4.9 Behavior and/or Medical Conditions Seen in Intact versus Neutered Cats. 4.9.1 Female Feline
4.9.1.1 Pseudopregnancy (Pseudocyesis, False Pregnancy)
4.9.1.2 Mastitis
4.9.1.3 Eclampsia
4.9.1.4 Pyometra
4.9.1.5 Metritis
4.9.1.6 Mammary Tumors
4.9.1.7 Ovarian Tumors
4.9.1.8 Ovarian Remnant
4.9.2 Male Feline. 4.9.2.1 Cryptorchid
4.9.2.2 Castration or Orchiectomy
4.9.3 Normal Sex‐Related Behaviors. 4.9.3.1 Marking
4.9.3.2 Non‐copulatory Mounting
4.9.3.3 Masturbation
4.9.4 Effects of Gonadectomy on the Behavior of Cats
4.10 Side Effects of Common Medications
4.11 Conclusions
References
5 Safety Net Programs
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Benefits of Safety Net Programs
5.3 Program Types
5.3.1 Basic Needs
5.3.1.1 Food Bank Programs
5.3.1.2 Pet‐Friendly Housing Support
5.3.1.3 Rehoming Advice and Resources
5.3.1.4 Lost‐and‐Found Programs
5.3.1.5 Temporary Sheltering
5.3.1.6 Humane Education
5.3.2 Veterinary Care
5.3.2.1 Spay‐Neuter Services
5.3.2.2 Access to Basic Veterinary Care
5.3.2.3 Return‐to‐Field Programs
5.3.3 Behavioral Care
5.3.3.1 Behavior Information Resources
5.3.3.2 Training Classes
5.3.3.3 Behavior Helpline
5.3.3.4 Behavior Consultations
5.4 How to Choose the Right Programs
5.4.1 Community Landscape—Assessing Pet Ownership Needs in the Community
5.4.1.1 Pet Ownership Trends
5.4.1.2 Services Supporting Pet Ownership
5.4.1.3 Identifying Community Needs
5.4.2 Program Goal and Potential Impact
5.4.3 Resources Required
5.4.4 Strategic Decision‐Making
5.4.5 Measuring Impact andProgram Evaluation
5.4.6 Scalability/ProgramPhase‐out
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 Dog Behavior and Relinquishment to Shelters
6.1 Introduction
6.2 A Brief History of Relinquishment Data
6.3 Lessons Learned from Risk Factor Studies
6.4 The Importance of Definitions
6.5 The Challenge of Determining How and When Behaviors May Threaten Human‐Canine Bonds
6.6 Preventing Behavior‐Related Relinquishment and Facilitating Adoptions: Compatible or Competing Priorities?
6.7 How Have Relinquishment Prevention Measures Worked?
6.8 Behavioral Interventions That May Promote Adoptions and Prevent Returns
6.8.1 Supporting Adoption‐Promoting Behaviors
6.8.2 Supporting Behavioral Hygiene
6.8.3 The Kennel Environment: Context Can Train Undesirable Behaviors
6.8.3.1 Example 1. Housetraining: Preventing Indoor Elimination
6.8.3.2 Example 2. Keeping Feet on the Ground: Preventing Jumping Up
6.8.3.3 Example 3. Quiet: Preventing Barking and Lunging
6.8.3.4 Example 4. Walking Calmly on Leash: Preventing Pulling
6.9 Conclusions
References
Notes
7 Management of Community Cats
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Effective TNR
7.2.1 Modeling TNR
7.2.2 Counting Cats
7.2.3 Recent Community Cat Management Research
7.2.4 Community Cat Welfare
7.2.5 Recent Shelter Intake and Community Cat Research
7.3 Return to Field
7.4 Continuing Controversies around TNR
7.5 Communication
7.6 Cat Impact in the Community
7.6.1 Predation Behavior
7.6.2 New Understanding of Predator‐Prey Behavior
7.7 Cat Behavior in the Community
7.8 Keeping Community Cats Out of the Shelter
7.9 Community Cats in the Shelter
7.10 Conclusions
References
8 Handling Shelter Dogs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 What Is Stress?
8.3 Stress in Shelter Dogs
8.4 Body Language
8.5 Responding to the Dog’s Emotional State
8.5.1 Timing
8.6 Low‐Stress Handling
8.6.1 Entering and Exiting Kennels
8.6.1.1 Getting Difficult Dogs Out of Kennels
8.6.1.2 Returning Dogs to Kennels
8.6.2 Moving Dogs Around the Shelter
8.6.3 Getting a Dog Comfortable with a New Handler
8.6.4 Handling for Procedures
8.6.5 Developing Positive Associations
8.6.5.1 Muzzle Training
8.6.5.2 Developing a Positive Emotional Response to Specific Locations
8.6.6 Reducing Stress through Handling
8.7 Defensive Handling
8.7.1 Why Do We Need These Skills?
8.7.2 Have a Plan
8.7.3 Equipment. 8.7.3.1 Leashes
8.7.3.2 Walking Equipment
8.7.3.3 Collars
8.7.3.4 Head Halters
8.7.4 Leash Handling
8.7.4.1 How to Hold a Leash
8.7.4.2 Hand Holds
8.7.4.3 Leash Locks
8.7.4.4 Accordion
8.7.5 Balance and Body Awareness
8.7.6 Handling Scenarios. 8.7.6.1 Redirected Aggression
8.7.6.2 Highly Aroused Dogs
8.7.6.3 Back Ties
8.7.6.4 Control Pole Use and Storage
8.7.6.5 Off‐Leash Dogs
8.7.7 Breaking Up a Dogfight
Box 8.1 Fight Kit Contents
Box 8.2 Common Fight Kit Noisemakers. Shake can
Large shake bottle
Bowls
Compressed air
Air horn
Citronella spray
8.8 Handling Dogs during the Process of Euthanasia
8.8.1 Environment
8.8.2 Euthanasia Techniques and Handling Methods
8.9 Conclusions
References
9 Assessing the Behavior of Shelter Dogs
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Decision‐Making
9.1.2 The Observational Assessment Model
9.2 Sources of Behavior Information
9.2.1 Information from Relinquishing Owners
9.2.2 Medical Staff Observations
Box 9.1 Example Medical Observation Form
Box 9.2 Survey Response Word Bank
9.2.3 Daily Care Staff and Volunteer Observations
9.2.4 Walks and Field Trips
9.2.5 Socialization Sessions
9.2.6 In‐Kennel Behavior
9.2.7 Playgroups
9.2.8 Foster Stay and Adopter Returns
9.2.9 Standardized Behavior Evaluations
9.2.9.1 Feasibility
9.2.9.2 Reliability
Box 9.3 Example Foster Dog Survey
9.2.9.3 Validity
9.2.9.3.1 Shelter Dogs: Behavior Evaluation Results and Behavior in the New Home
9.2.9.3.2 Shelter Dogs: Behavior in the Former Home and Behavior Evaluation Results
9.2.9.3.3 Owned Dogs: Behavior Evaluation Results and Owner Reports
9.2.9.3.4 The Use of Simulations
9.2.9.3.5 The Champagne and the Cork?
9.3 Behavior Information and Pathway Planning
9.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Canine Housing and Husbandry for Behavioral Well‐Being
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Admission to the Animal Shelter
10.3 General Housing Considerations
10.3.1 Size, Layout, and Construction of Enclosures
10.3.2 Social Interactions and Environmental Enrichment
10.3.3 Daily Rounds and Pathway Planning
10.3.4 Foster Care
10.3.5 Sanitation Considerations
10.4 Behavior and Sensory Factors to Consider for Dog Housing. 10.4.1 Smell
10.4.2 Hearing
10.4.3 Vision
10.5 Types of Primary Enclosures. 10.5.1 Small Unenriched Cages
10.5.2 Single Enriched Enclosures
10.5.3 Double‐Sided Enclosures
10.6 Co‐housing in Pairs or Small Groups
10.7 Areas for Enrichment, Exercise, and Training
10.8 Initial Housing Considerations
10.9 Housing during Disasters
10.10 Conclusions
References
11 Canine Enrichment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Enrichment Interventions in the Animal Shelter
11.2.1 Human Social Interaction
11.2.1.1 Human Social Interaction through Training
11.2.1.2 Application of Evidence‐Based Shelter Practices for Human Social Interaction
11.2.2 Canine Social Interaction
11.2.2.1 Application of Evidence‐Based Shelter Practices for Canine Social Interaction
11.2.3 Object Enrichment
11.2.3.1 Application of Evidence‐Based Shelter Practices for Object Enrichment
11.2.4 Auditory Enrichment
11.2.4.1 Application of Evidence‐Based Shelter Practices for Auditory Enrichment
11.2.5 Olfactory Enrichment
11.2.5.1 Application of Evidence‐Based Shelter Practices for Olfactory Enrichment
11.2.6 Visual Stimulation
11.3 Assessing Enrichment
11.3.1 What to Measure
Box 11.1 Key Enrichment Engagement Questions
11.3.2 How to Measure
11.3.3 Measurement Methods
Box 11.2 Types of Behavioral Sampling Most Useful in the Animal Shelter
11.4 Implementing and Maintaining an Enrichment Program
11.4.1 Training
Box 11.3 Task Analysis for Harnessinga Dog
11.4.2 Arranging the Environment
11.4.3 Arranging Consequences
11.4.4 Using Staff for Effective Enrichment Programs
11.4.5 Engaging the Public for Effective Enrichment Programs
11.5 Conclusions
References
Appendix 11.A Data Sheet. Time Sampling
12 Training and Behavior Modification for Shelter Dogs
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Structured Training Programs
Box 12.1 Four on the Floor
Box 12.2 Body Targeting for Low‐Stress Handling
12.3 Behavior Modification Programs within the General Shelter Environment
12.3.1 Intraspecific Aggression
12.3.2 Excessive Arousal
12.3.3 Fearfulness
12.4 Success of Behavior Modification in Shelters
12.5 Dedicated Behavior Rehabilitation Facilities
Box 12.3 Helper‐Dog Playgroups
Box 12.4 Slip Lead Desensitization and Counter‐Conditioning
Box 12.5 Follow Me
12.6 Conclusions
References
13 Play and Playgroups
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Science of Play
13.2.1 Social Play in Canids
13.2.2 Psychological Benefits of Play
13.2.3 Playgroups as Enrichment
13.3 Tools and Terminology
13.4 Shelter Playgroup Models
13.4.1 Dogs Playing for Life
13.4.2 Shelter Playgroup Alliance
13.5 Canine Playgroups in Shelter Settings
13.5.1 Setting Goals for a Successful Playgroup Program
13.5.2 Arranging the Physical Environment
13.5.3 Arranging the Social Environment
13.5.4 Selecting Playgroup Candidates
Box 13.1 A Word About “Consent”
13.5.4.1 Physical Health Considerations
13.5.4.2 Behavioral Health Considerations
13.5.5 Implementation of Playgroups
13.5.5.1 Defining and Visualizing “Healthy Play”
13.5.5.2 Recognizing Dog‐Dog Conflict
Box 13.2 Evidence‐Based Precursors to Dog‐Dog Conflict and/or Aggression During Play
13.5.5.3 Handler Roles and Interventions
13.5.5.4 Documentation and Evaluation
13.6 Evaluating Quality of Life and Adoptability
13.7 Conclusions
References
14 Handling Shelter Cats
14.1 Introduction to Safe and Humane Handling
Box 14.1 Benefits of “Low‐Stress” or “Fear‐Free” Handling
Box 14.2 Online Educational Resources and Videos
14.2 Triggers for Stress, Fear, and Other Negative Emotional States in the Shelter
14.2.1 Impact on Health and Behavior
14.2.2 Understanding Cat Communication Signals and Emotions
14.2.3 Environmental Management
14.2.3.1 Cats’ Senses and Perceptions
14.3 Keys to Successful Handling
Box 14.3 Understanding Cats’ Senses and Managing Their Perceptions
14.3.1 Understanding Feline Stress and Fear Responses
14.3.2 Handling Concepts
14.4 General Guidelines for Safe and Humane Handling
14.4.1 Before Initiating Contact: Observe, Assess, and Plan
14.4.2 Start Off on the Right Foot: Initiating Contact
14.4.3 During Contact: Observe, Assess, and Adjust
14.4.4 Don’t Use Punishment
14.4.5 Try Tasty Treats
14.4.6 Handling for Examination and Procedures
14.4.7 Using Handling Tools and Equipment
14.5 Tips, Techniques, and Tools for Stress Reduction and Humane Handling
14.5.1 Provide Information to the Public Prior to Shelter Admission
14.5.2 Maintain Calm Admission Areas
14.5.3 Use Carriers to Move Cats
14.5.4 Separate Cats from Other Species
14.5.5 Control Noise
14.5.6 Control Odors and Consider Using Pheromones
14.5.7 Reduce Visual Stimuli
14.5.8 Ensure Secure Footing
14.5.9 Provide Consistent Housing Designed for Stress Reduction
14.5.10 Use Cat Dens
14.5.11 Use Behavior Medications: Gabapentin and Trazodone
14.5.12 Develop Protocols for Cats with High Levels of Stress and Fear
14.5.12.1 Tools for a Hands‐Off Approach
14.5.12.2 Special Considerations for Community Cats
14.5.12.2.1 Gabapentin for Community Cats
14.6 Recommendations for Handling Cats during the Process of Euthanasia
14.6.1 Environment
14.6.2 Microchip Scanning Prior to Euthanasia
14.6.3 Euthanasia Techniques and Handling Methods
14.7 Conclusions
References
15 Feline Behavioral Assessment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Frameworks for Assessing Behavior
15.2.1 Structured Behavioral Test
15.2.2 Scan Samples of Behaviors
15.2.3 Ad Libitum Behavioral Observation
15.2.4 Trait Rating
15.2.5 Qualitative Behavior History
15.3 Goals of Behavior Assessments
15.3.1 Identify Propensity for Undesirable Behavior
15.3.1.1 Unsocialized Cats
15.3.2 Behavior Assessment for Matching Cat and Adopter
15.3.3 Behavior Assessment to Monitor Well‐Being
15.4 How to Structure A Behavior Assessment Program in Your Shelter
15.4.1 Creating Your Own Structured Behavioral Test
15.5 Conclusions
References
Appendix 15.A Stray Cat Intake Profile
16 Feline Housing for Behavioral Well‐Being
16.1 Introduction: Challenges of Feline Housing in Animal Shelters
16.1.1 Environmental Stressors
Box 16.1 Recognizing Stress in Shelter Cats (Griffin and Hume 2006; Rodan and Cannon 2016)
16.2 The Connection between Feline Housing and Well‐Being
Box 16.2 Freedoms and Pillars
16.3 Macro‐ and Microenvironmental Considerations for Feline Housing
16.3.1 Considerations for the Macroenvironment
16.3.2 Considerations for the Microenvironment
16.3.2.1 Specific Design Aspects of Primary Enclosures
16.3.2.2 Enrichment
Box 16.3 Technical Aspects of the Feline Microenvironment
Box 16.4 Environmental Enrichment
16.3.3 Regarding Ventilation of Macro‐ and Microenvironments
16.4 Group‐Housing
Box 16.5 Group‐Housing
16.4.1 Animal Selection
16.4.2 Density
Box 16.6 Group‐Housing Selection and Removal
16.4.3 Size
16.4.4 Enrichment
16.4.5 Safety
16.4.6 Monitoring
16.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
17 Feline Enrichment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Value of EnvironmentalEnrichment
17.2.1 Value for the Cats
17.2.2 Value for the Staff and Adopters
17.3 Categories of Enrichment
17.3.1 Structural Enrichment
17.3.1.1 Enclosure Size
17.3.1.2 Hiding Opportunities
17.3.1.3 Elevated Perches
17.3.1.4 Scratching Surfaces
17.3.1.5 Resting Places with Soft Bedding
17.3.2 Social Enrichment
17.3.2.1 Interaction with Humans
17.3.2.2 Interaction with Other Cats
17.3.2.3 Interaction with Other Species
17.3.3 Cognitive Enrichment
17.3.3.1 Feeding Enrichment
17.3.3.2 Toys
17.3.3.3 Training
17.3.3.4 Novelty
17.3.4 Sensory Enrichment
17.3.4.1 Olfactory Enrichment
17.3.4.2 Visual Enrichment
17.3.4.3 Auditory Enrichment
17.3.5 Husbandry Practices
17.4 Prioritizing Enrichment among Different Types of Cats
17.4.1 Kittens
17.4.2 High‐Energy Cats
17.4.3 Cats with Low Tolerance of Petting
17.4.4 Overweight Cats
17.4.5 Fearful or Anxious Cats
17.4.6 Unsocialized Cats
17.5 Removing Obstacles to Enrichment
17.6 Assessing Efficacy of Enrichment
17.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
18 Training and Behavior Modification for Shelter Cats
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Training Shelter Cats
Box 18.1 Helpful Tools for Training Shelter Cats
18.2.1 Clicker Training
18.2.2 Crate Training
18.3 Generic Behavior Modification Protocol for Shelter Cats
18.3.1 Step 1: Management
18.3.2 Step 2: Behavior Modification
Box 18.2 Problem‐Oriented Veterinary Behavior Record
18.4 Behavior Modification Protocols for Common Conditions. 18.4.1 The Fearful or Anxious Cat
18.4.1.1 Management
18.4.1.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.2 The Cat That Becomes Easily Overstimulated
18.4.2.1 Management
18.4.2.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.3 The Cat That Becomes Overstimulated by Noises
18.4.3.1 Management
18.4.3.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.4 The Cat That Becomes Overstimulated by Movements
18.4.4.1 Management
18.4.4.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.5 The Confident and Territorial Cat
18.4.5.1 Management
18.4.5.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.6 The Playful Cat
18.4.6.1 Management
18.4.6.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.7 The Undersocialized Kitten
18.4.7.1 Management
18.4.7.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.8 Feline Inappropriate Elimination
18.4.8.1 Management
18.4.8.2 Behavior Modification Protocol
18.4.9 The Cat Undergoing Ringworm Treatment
18.5 Conclusions
References
Appendix 18.A Clicker Training Protocols for Shelter Cats
Appendix 18.B Crate Training Protocols for Shelter Cats
Appendix 18.C Sample Behavior Log
19 Welfare and Ethical Decision‐Making
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Animal Welfare Assessment
19.2.1 Frameworks for Welfare Assessment
19.2.2 Assessing Welfare in Animal Shelters
19.3 Monitoring Welfare in the Shelter. 19.3.1 Methodological Considerations. 19.3.1.1 General Considerations
19.3.1.2 Welfare Indicator Considerations
19.3.2 Daily Rounds
19.3.3 Monitoring Welfare in a Population of Dogs with Extreme Fear or Anxiety
Box 19.1 “Everyone is on the Behavior Team” Approach to Monitoring Welfare in a Population of Dogs with Extreme Fear or Anxiety
19.4 Preventing and Responding to Welfare Threats
19.5 Ethical Decision‐Making
19.5.1 Ethical Frameworks and Structured Decision‐Making
Box 19.2 Common Sheltering Situations That Might Benefit from a Formal Ethical Decision‐Making Process
19.5.2 Behavioral Euthanasia Decisions
19.6 Conclusions
References
Appendix 19.A Sample Decision Table for Animal Care (Adapted from International Companion Animal Management Coalition n.d.)
20 Behavioral Care during Transportation and Relocation
20.1 Introduction. 20.1.1 History of Animal Relocation
20.1.2 Purpose and Indications
Box 20.1 Published Guidelines and Best Practices in Companion Animal Relocation
20.1.3 Guidelines and Regulations
Box 20.2 Electronic Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) Services
20.1.4 Program Models
20.2 Moving Animals. 20.2.1 Vehicle Selection and Upfitting. 20.2.1.1 Ground Transport
20.2.1.2 Air Transport
20.2.2 Transportation Requirements
20.2.2.1 Ground Transport
Box 20.3 Definition and Clinical Implications of Temperature, Humidity, and Ventilation (Blood and Studdert 1999; National Research Council 1996; Hales and Bligh 1969)
20.2.2.2 Air Transport
20.3 The Impact of Transportation on Physiology and Behavior
20.4 Animal Selection and Population Considerations. 20.4.1 Source and Destination Partners
20.4.2 Physical Health
20.4.3 Behavioral Health
20.4.3.1 Sedatives and Anxiolytics
Box 20.4 Considerations for Use of Psychopharmaceuticals in Animal Relocation Programs
20.4.4 Special Populations
20.4.4.1 Pediatrics
20.4.4.2 Community Cats
20.4.4.3 Shy, Fearful, or Undersocialized Dogs
20.4.4.4 Spay‐Neuter Clinic Transports
20.4.4.5 Cruelty Investigations
20.5 Outcomes. 20.5.1 Physical and Behavioral Health
20.5.2 Data Collection and Reporting
20.6 Conclusions
References
21 Behavioral Care of Animals in Disasters, Cruelty Cases, and Long‐Term Holds
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Disasters
21.2.1 Animal Population
21.2.2 Housing and Husbandry
Box 21.1 Types of Animals Encountered in Disasters
Box 21.2 The Challenge of Undersocialized Dogs in a Disaster Shelter
21.2.3 Enduring Post‐Disaster Stress
21.2.4 Reunification
21.3 Cruelty Cases. 21.3.1 Behavior Forensics
21.3.2 Dogfighting
21.3.2.1 Animal Population
21.3.2.2 Housing and Husbandry
21.3.2.3 Handling
21.3.2.4 Additional Safety Measures
21.3.2.5 Enrichment. 21.3.2.5.1 In‐Kennel Enrichment
21.3.2.5.2 Enrichment Activities
21.3.2.5.3 Playgroups
21.3.2.6 Euthanasia
21.3.3 Puppy Mills and Animal Hoarding
21.3.3.1 Animal Population
21.3.3.2 Housing and Husbandry
21.3.3.3 Handling
21.4 Long‐Term Holds
21.4.1 Behavioral Adaptation
21.4.2 Behavioral Deterioration
21.4.3 Recommendations for Care during Long‐Term Holds
21.4.4 Quality of Life Assessment
21.5 Conclusions
References
22 Behavioral Pharmacology
22.1 Appropriate Use of Behavioral Pharmacology in the Shelter Setting
22.1.1 Indications for Behavioral Pharmacology
22.1.2 Things to Consider before Prescribing
22.1.3 Requirements for Prescribing Medication
22.1.4 Medication Choices
22.1.5 Monitoring
22.1.6 Outcome Considerations
22.2 Developing a Medication Protocol
22.3 Neurotransmitters
22.4 Impact of Psychopharmaceuticals on Behavior
22.4.1 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Tricyclic Antidepressants. 22.4.1.1 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
22.4.1.2 Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
22.4.1.3 Thyroid Hormone Measurements
22.4.1.4 Serotonin Syndrome
22.4.2 Benzodiazepines
22.4.3 Alpha‐2 Agonists
22.4.4 Other Medications. 22.4.4.1 Trazodone
22.4.4.2 Gabapentin
22.5 Non‐Pharmaceutical Interventions
22.5.1 Pheromone Therapy
22.5.2 Milk Protein Derivatives
22.5.3 L‐Theanine
22.5.4 Probiotics
22.5.5 Olfactory and Auditory Enrichment
22.6 Conclusions
References
Appendix 22.A Behavioral Medicine Formulary
Appendix 22.B Shelter Behavior Medication Information Sheet
Appendix 22.C Fearful/Phobic Behavior Protocol
Appendix 22.D Kennel Stress Protocol
Appendix 22.E Gabapentin Protocol
23 Caring for Small Mammals
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Small Mammal Housing and Husbandry
23.3 Rabbits. 23.3.1 Behavior
23.3.2 Housing
23.3.3 Husbandry
23.4 Ferrets
23.4.1 Behavior
23.4.2 Housing
23.4.3 Husbandry
23.5 Guinea Pigs. 23.5.1 Behavior
23.5.2 Housing
23.5.3 Husbandry
23.6 Other Small Rodents
23.6.1 Behavior
23.6.2 Housing
23.6.3 Husbandry
23.7 Conclusions
Additional Resources
References
24 Equine Care
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Basic Husbandry Needs of Horses Relevant to Behavior
24.2.1 Free Access to High‐Fiber, Calorie‐Sparse Forage
24.2.2 Free Access to Fresh, Clean Water
24.2.3 Social Companionship
24.2.4 Protection from Harsh Environmental Conditions
24.2.5 Sufficient Space
24.3 Quarantine
24.4 Environmental Enrichment
24.5 Common Behavior Problems Relevant to Shelter Environments. 24.5.1 Unfamiliarity/Fear of Other Species
24.5.2 Aggression
24.5.3 Food Urgency/Aggression
24.5.4 Wood Chewing/Object Licking
24.5.5 Stereotypies
24.5.6 Intraspecies Social Incompatibilities
24.5.7 Sleep Deprivation
24.5.8 Overhandled Foal Syndrome
24.5.9 Self‐Mutilation
24.6 Behavior and Skills Assessment
24.7 Calming Medications/Supplements
24.8 Auction Rescue Considerations
24.9 Low‐Stress Positive Reinforcement‐Based Handling of Horses for Health Care
24.9.1 Restraint and Assistance
24.9.2 Shaping Compliance with Mildly Aversive Procedures
24.9.3 Avoiding the “Avoidance Cycle”
24.9.4 Primary and Secondary Positive Reinforcer/Distractor Options
24.9.5 Caretaker “Homework”
24.10 Conclusions
References
Appendix 24.A Needle Sticks
Routine Preventive
Established Aversion
Appendix 24.B Oral Dosing
Routine Preventive
Established Aversion
Appendix 24.C Eye Medications
Routine Preventive
Established Aversion
Appendix 24.D Intranasal Vaccination
Routine Preventive
Established Aversion
Appendix 24.E Rectal Temperature
Routine Preventive
Established Aversion
25 Animal Placement and Follow‐Up
25.1 History and Philosophy of the Adoption Process
25.2 Improving Adoption Likelihood
25.2.1 Adopter Characteristics and Behavior
25.2.1.1 Visiting the Animal Shelter
25.2.1.2 Decision‐Making at the Shelter
25.2.2 Marketing Approaches
Box 25.1 Example of a “Bad” Online Dog Profile
Box 25.2 Example of a “Good” Online Dog Profile
Box 25.3 Example of a “Bad” Online Cat Profile
Box 25.4 Example of a “Good” Online Cat Profile
25.3 Increasing the Likelihood of Successful Adoptions
25.3.1 New Home Experience
25.3.2 Post‐adoption Support Programs
25.4 Conclusions
References
Appendix 25.A Behavioral Adoption Counseling—Cats
Appendix 25.B Behavioral Adoption Counseling—Dogs
Appendix A Canine Body Language. A Neutral Relaxed
B Greeting Behavior
C Initial Greeting
D Play Solicitation
E Arousal
F Offensive Aggression
G Defensive Aggression
H Maternal Aggression
I Crouch
J Roll Over
Appendix B Feline Body Language. A The Confident Cat
B The Confident Cat: At Ease
C Distance‐Reducing Behaviors
D Distance‐Increasing Behaviors
E The Anxious Cat
F Defensive Aggression
G The Predator
H The Groomer
Appendix C Animal Behavior Professionals. Academy of Veterinary Behavior Technicians—www.avbt.net
American Board of Veterinary Practitioners—Shelter Medicine Practice—https://abvp.com/
Applied Animal Behaviorist
Certified Professional Dog Trainer (CPDT)—www.ccpdt.org
Trainer
Veterinarian
Veterinary Behaviorist—www.dacvb.org
Note
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