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Guizot François. History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe
History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe
Table of Contents
By M. Guizot. Translated By Andrew E. Scoble,
Preface
Part I. Representative Institutions In. England, France, And Spain, From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century
Part II. Essays Of Representative Government In England, From The Conquest Till The Reign Of The Tudors
History Of The Origin Of Representative Government In Europe
Part I. Representative Institutions In England, France, And Spain, From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century
Lecture I
Views of History
Our Historical Position
Sources of Error
Disdain for the Past
True Value of the Past
Undue Veneration of Antiquity
Progress, the Law of Nature
The Duty of Impartiality
Value of Revolutions
Study of Political Institutions
Origin of Representative Government
Four Epochs in European History
The Feudal System
Progress Of Monarchical Power
Subject Of These Lectures
Limits Of The Inquiry
Interest Of The Subject
Difficulty Of Attaining Truth
Necessity Of Hard Study
Characteristics Of The Present Time
Conclusion
Lecture II
Fall Of The Roman Empire
Causes Of Its Decay
Abandonment Of Its Colonies
Invasions Of The Germans
Foundation Of Barbarian Kingdoms
Power Of The Emperors
The Anglo-Saxons
Reign Of King Alfred
The Norman Conquest
Lecture III
Anglo-Saxon Institutions
Thanes And Ceorls
Different Classes Of Thanes
Their Mutual Relations
Freedom Of The Ceorls
Ceorls and Slaves
Local Institutions
Origin Of Centralization
Effects Of The French Revolution
Lecture IV
Local Institutions In England
Divisions Of The Soil
The County Courts
Origin of the Jury
Appointment Of Magistrates
The Wittenagemot
Its Members
Character of The Anglo-Saxon Monarchy
Lecture V
Business Of The Wittenagemot
Oversight Of The Royal Domain
Direction Of Ecclesiastical Affairs
Character Of The Wittenagemot
The Kingly Office
Duties Of The Kings
Lecture VI
Principle Of Representative Government
Error Of Montesquieu
Society And Government
Principle Of Government
Right of Sovereignty
True Law Of Society
Classification Of Governments
Aim Of Representative Government
Political Rights Of The Nation
Effects Of Publicity
Lecture VII
Changes In Language And Society
Aristocratic Government
Its Consequences
Conflict Of Good And Evil
Sovereignty Of The People
Principle Of Democracy
Principle Of Representative Government
Government Of The Majority
Representation And Democracy
Principles Of Government
Lecture VIII
Forms Of Government
Forms Of Representative Government
Problem Of Government
Division Of Powers
Election And Publicity
Publicity In England
Lecture IX
Origin Of The Franks
The Frankish Chiefs
Wars Of Clovis
Death Of Clovis
Lecture X
Successors Of Clovis
Partitions Of The Realm
Neustria And Austrasia
Predominance Of Neustria
The Mayors Of The Palace
Fall Of The Merovingians
Charles Martel
Pepin
Lecture XI
Tendency To Centralization
Tendency To Dissolution
Pepin The Short
Charlemagne
Louis The Debonnair
Charles The Bald
The Normans
Tendency To Dissolution
Formation And Dissolution
Lecture XII
Primitive Institutions Of The Franks
Views Of Hullmann
Condition Of Lands
Allodial Lands
Salic Land
Lecture XIII
Origin Of Military Service
Exemption Of Freeholds From Imposts
Distribution Of Lands
Beneficiary Lands
Private Domains Of The Kings
Tenure Of Benefices
Disputes About Benefices
Lecture XIV
Transference Of Benefices
The Precaria
Seizure Of Church Property
Hereditary Benefices
Tenure Of Benefices
Conditions Attached To Benefices
Vassalage
Oaths Of Fidelity
Lecture XV
Donors Of Benefices
Character Of Benefices
Tributary Lands
Their Rapid Increase
Waste Lands
Different Kinds Of Landed Property
Isolation Of Proprietors
Stationary Condition Of Wealth
Lecture XVI
Classification Of Persons
Earliest Condition Of Society
Principles Of Classification
Allodial And Beneficiary Proprietors
Various Classes Of Free Men
Test Of Social Conditions
The Wehrgeld
Impossibility Of Classification
True Test Of Social Conditions
Lecture XVII
The Leudes Or Antrustions
Obligations Of The Leudes
Formation Of The Frankish Nobility
Power Of The Bishops
Free Men
Enfranchisement
Lecture XVIII
Three Systems Of Institutions
Decline Of Free Institutions
Of Local Institutions
Rudiments Of Feudalism
Dukes And Counts
Extension Of Seignorial Jurisdiction
Lecture XIX
Two Meanings Of Personal Liberty
Object Of Government
Origin Of Despotism
The Monarchy Of Charlemagne
Decline Of The Frankish Monarchy
Royalty Among The Franks
Fall Of The Merovingians
Authority And Liberty
Influence Of Religious Ideas
Lecture XX
National Assemblies Of The Franks
Letter Of Archbishop Hincmar
The Councils Of State
The Officers Of The Palace
The Palatines
The Capitularies
Duties Of The King
Policy Of Charlemagne
Lecture XXI
Decay Of National Assemblies
Retrospect Of Five Centuries
Attacks On The Feudal System
Character Of Feudalism
Influence Of Feudalism
Absence Of The Representative System
Lecture XXII
Laws Of The Visigoths
Fall Of The Roman Empire
State Of The Roman Colonies
Roman Municipal System
Treatment Of Conquered Towns
Admission To Citizenship
Municipal Officers
Constitution Of The Municipia
Progress Of Public Indifference
Growing Importance Of The Municipia
Dangers Of Roman Despotism
Burdens Of The Municipia
Growth Of Christianity
Effects Of Christianity
Decay Of The Municipia
Abolition Of The Municipal System
Lecture XXIII
Social Conditions In The Roman Empire
The Privileged Class
Functions And Charges Of The Curials
Advantages Granted To The Curials
Attributes Of The Curia
Municipal Offices
The Defenders Of Cities
Destruction Of The Middle Class
The Roman Empire And Modern States
Principles of Liberty
Principles Of Despotism
General Conclusions
Lecture XXIV
Spain Under The Roman Empire
Barbarian Invasions Of Spain
Visigothic Monarchy In Gaul
The Breviarium Aniani
Reign Of Leovigild
Reign Of Recared
Usurpation Of Sisenand
Recesuinth And Divine Right
The Forum Judicum
Lecture XXV
Character Of Visigothic Legislation
Laws Of The Forum Judicum
Visigothic Theory Of Law
Theory On The Nature Of Power
Limits Of These Theories
Consequences Of The Visigothic Theory
Political Predominance Of The Bishops
Election Of Kings
Frequency Of Usurpation
Progress Of Ecclesiastical Pretensions
Duties Of The Sovereign
Principle Of Criminal Law
Laws Regarding Slaves
Presence Of A Good Principle
Lecture XXVI
Defect Of Visigothic Legislation
The Councils Of Toledo
Their Political Influence
Position Of The Visigothic Bishops
Influence Of The Councils Of Toledo
The Officium Palatinum
Influence Of The Aristocracy
Character Of The Goths
Local Institutions Of The Visigoths
Various Kinds Of Magistrates
Constitution Of Judicial Authority
Laws Against Bad Judges
Views Of M. De Savigny
The Defenders Of Cities
Importance Of The Curia
Objections To Savigny's Theory
Abolition Of The Breviarium Aniani
Gothic Laws Of Spain
Election Of Adalides
Admission Of An Adalid
Election Of Officers By A Jury
Compurgation
Errors Of The Preceding Theory
Birth Of Free Institutions
Conclusion
End Of Part I
Part II. Essays Of Representative Government In England, From The Conquest Till The Reign Of The Tudors
Lecture I
Subject of the course
Epochs Of European History
Aspects Of History
The History Of Free Nations
Historic Requirements Of The Present Age
Necessity Of An Acquaintance With History
Subject Of The Present Course
Principle Of Representative Government
Characteristics Of Representative Government
Division Of Power
Character Of The English Monarchy
Importance Of The Towns
Sources Of Liberty
Lecture II
Early History Of England
The Norman Conquest
Reign Of William Rufus
Reign Of Henry I
Wars Of Stephen And Matilda
Reign Of Henry II
Constitutions Of Clarendon
Murder Of Thomas A Becket
Conquest Of Ireland
Richard Cœur-de-lion
Lecture III
Effects Of The Norman Conquest
Resemblance Of The Two Peoples
Sources Of The English Government
Anglo-Saxon Institutions
Norman Institutions
Cohesion Of The Norman Aristocracy
Results Of The Norman Conquest
Lecture IV
Powers Which Rule Society
Division Of Powers In England
The Anglo-Norman Parliament
The Curia De More
The Curia Regis
Tenure Of These Assemblies
Constitution Of These Assemblies
Lecture V
Wealth Of The King
Duties Of The Royal Vassals
The Court Of Exchequer
Functions Of The National Assembly
Co-existence Of Opposing Forces
Origin Of Royal Prerogative
The Barons And The King
Lecture VI
Progress Towards Free Government
Charter Of William The Conqueror
Charters Of Henry I
Charters Of Stephen
Charter Of Henry II
Reign Of Richard I
Lecture VII
Reign Of King John
Opposition Of The Barons
Quarrels With The Clergy
Commencement Of The Civil War
Conference At Runnymead
Analysis Of Magna Charta
Violation Of Magna Charta
Death Of King John
Lecture VIII
Charters Of Henry III
First Charter Of Henry III
Violation Of The Charters
Revocation Of The Charters
Conformation Of The Charters
Death Of King Henry III
Lecture IX
Reign Of King Edward I
Exactions Of Edward I
Quarrels With The Nobles
First Charter Of Edward I
Confirmation Of The Charter
Statute Of Edward I
Bull Of Pope Clement V
Lecture X
Meaning Of Representation
Rousseau's Theory
Theory Of Individual Sovereignty
Consequences Of These Theories
Theory Of Reconciliation
Representation Of Wills
Theory Of Executive Power
Theory Of Despotic Power
Fallacy Of The Principle
Of Will-Representation
Province Of The Will
Argument From Parental Authority
Reason The Source Of Power
True Doctrine Of Representation
What Is Representation?
Summary
Lecture XI
Formation Of A Parliament
Of County Deputies
The Knights Of Shires
Representation Of Knights
De Montfort's Rebellion
The First Parliament
The Acts Of Oxford
Tyranny Of The Barons
Lecture XII
Henry III. And His Parliament
Arbitration Of St. Louis
Government Of Leicester
Battle Of Evesham
Progress Of County Representation
Progress Of Borough Representation
Borough Representation
The Mad Parliament
Lecture XIII
Parliaments Under Edward I
Progress Of Liberal Opinions
The Commons In Parliament
The First Complete Parliament
The Commons In Parliament
Composition Of Parliament
Lecture XIV
Who Were The Electors?
Origin Of County Freeholders
Functions Of The County Courts
Rights Of The Freeholders
Forty-Shilling Freeholders
Refutation Of Tory Theories
Payment Of Representatives
Election Of Borough Representatives
Corruption Of Borough Representation
Forms Of Borough Elections
Lecture XV
Character Of The English Electoral System
Modern Political Science
Object Of The British Parliament
Combination Of Public Rights
Independence Of Public Rights
Two Classes Of Electors
Right Derived From Capacity
What Is Electoral Capacity?
Exterior Signs Of Electoral Capacity
Legal Signs Of Electoral Capacity
Vicissitudes Of Electoral Capacity
No Permanent Test Of Electoral Capacity
General Conclusions
Lecture XVI
Forms Of Election
The Object Of Election
Convocation Of Electors
Electoral Districts
Number Of Representatives
Action Of Party Influence
Evils Of Hasty Elections
Advantages Of Direct Election
Its Relation To Representative Government
Qualifications Of Representatives
Philosophic Necessity Of Direct Election
Evils Of Indirect Election
Source Of Indirect Election
Practice Of Open Voting
Electoral System Of England
Lecture XVII
Division Of The English Parliament
Original Constitution Of Parliament
Separate Votes Of Various Classes
Causes Of This Separation
Formation Of The Commons
Present Constitution Of Parliament
Early Importance Of The Commons
Lecture XVIII
Division Of The Legislative Power
Philosophic And Historic Schools
Errors Of The Philosophic School
True Rule Of Social Relations
Impossibility Of Defining Rights
Conditions Of Realizing Right
Amalgamation Of Might And Right
Errors Of The Philosophic School
Errors Of The Historic School
Comparison Of The Two Schools
Origin Of The House Of Peers
Advantages Of A House Of Peers
Results Of Its Establishment
Is A House Of Peers Advantageous?
Two Tendencies In Society
Tendency To Inequality
Opposition To Absolute Power
Bulwarks Against Absolute Power
Secret Of Political Liberty
Division Of The Central Power
Its Relation To Representative Government
Good Effects Of This Division
How Should It Be Effected?
Lecture XIX
Original Name Of The Parliament
The Great National Council
Parliament In The Fourteenth Century
Admission Of The Commons
Vicissitudes Of The Parliament
Its Gradual Increase
Lecture XX
Reign Of Edward I
Empire Of Favourites
Rebellions Of The Barons
Deposition Of Edward II
Progress Of The Parliament
Practice Regarding Petitions
Conditions Of Granting Subsidies
Statute Of 1322
Whig And Tory Errors
Lecture XXI
Right Of Petition
Presentation Of Petitions
Assertion Of The Right Of Petition
Petitions To Parliament
Right Of Initiative
Mode Of Presenting Petitions
Course Of The Right Of Petition
Abuses Of The Right Of Petition
Discussion Of Petitions
Right Of Enquiry
Necessity For The Completeness Of Representative Government
Lecture XXII
Reign Of Edward III
Influence Of The Commons
Parliaments Of Edward III
Prorogations Of Parliament
Voting Of Taxes
Share In The Legislation
Ordnances And Statutes
Conservators Of The Peace
Lecture XXIII
Political Powers Assumed By Parliament
The French Wars
Influence On The Administration
Interference With Ministers
Their Impeachment
Death Of The Black Prince
Opposition To The Clergy
Regulation Of Elections
Confirmations Of The Old Charters
Lecture XXIV
Parliament Under Richard II
Increased Power Of The Commons
Important Petitions
Regulation Of Subsidies
Disturbed State Of The Country
Conferences With The Lords
Opposition To Parliamentary Rights
The King Compelled To Yield
The Wonderful Parliament
Increase Of The Royal Power
Discontent In The Realm
Death Of Richard II
The Houses Recover Their Strength
Progress Of Liberty
Lecture XXV
The Tudors And Stuarts
Improvement Of Parliament
First Opposition To Liberty Of Speech
Imprisonment Of The Speaker
Conflicting Opinions
Clearer Regulations Of The Parliament
Votes Of Subsidy
Judicial Powers Of The Lords
Resistance To The Commons
Review Of The State Of Europe
The End
