Оглавление
Ibrahim Dincer. Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Applications
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Thermal Energy Storage. Systems and Applications
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Basic Introductory Thermal Aspects. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Systems of Units
1.3 Fundamental Properties and Quantities
1.3.1 Mass, Time, Length, and Force
1.3.2 Pressure
(a) Atmospheric Pressure
(b) Gauge Pressure
(c) Absolute Pressure
(d) Vacuum
1.3.3 Temperature
1.3.4 Specific Volume and Density
1.3.5 Mass and Volumetric Flow Rates
1.4 General Aspects of Thermodynamics
1.4.1 Thermodynamic Systems
1.4.2 Process
1.4.3 Cycle
1.4.4 Thermodynamic Property
1.4.5 Sensible and Latent Heats
1.4.6 Latent Heat of Fusion
1.4.7 Vapor
1.4.8 Thermodynamic Tables
1.4.9 State and Change of State
1.4.10 Specific Internal Energy
1.4.11 Specific Enthalpy
1.4.12 Specific Entropy
1.4.13 Pure Substance
1.4.14 Ideal Gases
1.4.15 Energy Transfer
1.4.16 Heat
1.4.17 Work
1.4.18 The First Law of Thermodynamics
1.4.19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.4.20 Reversibility and Irreversibility
1.4.21 Exergy
1.5 General Aspects of Fluid Flow
1.5.1 Classification of Fluid Flows
(a) Uniform Flow and Nonuniform Flow
(b) One‐, Two‐, and Three‐Dimensional Flow
(c) Steady Flow
(d) Unsteady Flow
(e) Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow
(f) Compressible Flow and Incompressible Flow
1.5.2 Viscosity
(a) Newtonian Fluids
(b) Non‐Newtonian Fluids
1.5.3 Equations of Flow
(a) Continuity Equation
(b) Momentum Equation
(c) Euler's Equation
(d) Bernoulli's Equation
(e) Navier–Stokes Equations
Uniform Flow Between Parallel Plates
Uniform Free Surface Flow Down a Plate
Uniform Flow in a Circular Tube
1.5.4 Boundary Layer
1.6 General Aspects of Heat Transfer
1.6.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
(a) Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction
1.6.2 Convection Heat Transfer
(b) Newton's Law of Cooling
1.6.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
(c) The Stefan–Boltzmann Law
1.6.4 Thermal Resistance
1.6.5 The Composite Wall
1.6.6 The Cylinder
1.6.7 The Sphere
1.6.8 Conduction with Heat Generation (a) The Plane Wall
(b) The Cylinder
1.6.9 Natural Convection
1.6.10 Forced Convection
1.7 Concluding Remarks
Nomenclature
Greek Letters
Subscripts and Superscripts
References
Study Questions/Problems. Introduction, Thermodynamic Properties
Ideal Gases and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Exergy
General Aspects of Fluid Flow
General Aspects of Heat Transfer
2 Energy Storage Systems. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Energy Demand
2.3 Energy Storage Basics
2.4 Energy Storage Methods
2.4.1 Mechanical Energy Storage
(a) Pumped Hydro Storage
(b) Compressed‐Air Storage
(c) Flywheels
2.4.2 Chemical Energy Storage
2.4.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage
(a) Electrochemical Batteries
Characteristics of Batteries
Lead–Acid Batteries
Nickel–Zinc (Ni–Zn), Nickel–Iron (Ni–Fe), and Nickel–Cadmium (Ni–Cd) Batteries
Lithium–Iron Sulfide Batteries
Sodium–Sulfur (Na–S) Batteries
Lithium–Ion Batteries
Other Batteries
Developments in Batteries
(b) Organic Molecular Storage
(c) Chemical Heat Pump Storage
2.4.4 Biological Storage
2.4.5 Magnetic Storage
2.4.6 Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
2.5 Hydrogen for Energy Storage
2.5.1 Storage Characteristics of Hydrogen
2.5.2 Hydrogen Storage Technologies
2.5.3 Hydrogen Production
2.6 Comparison of ES Technologies
2.7 Energy Storage and Environmental Impact
2.7.1 Energy and Environment
2.7.2 Major Environmental Problems
(a) Acid Rain
(b) Greenhouse Effect (Global Climate Change)
(c) Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2.8 Environmental Impact and Energy Storage Systems and Applications
2.9 Potential Solutions to Environmental Problems
2.9.1 General Solutions
2.9.2 TES‐Related Solutions
2.10 Sustainable Development
2.10.1 Conceptual Issues
2.10.2 The Brundtland Commission’s Definition
2.10.3 Environmental Limits
2.10.4 Global, Regional, and Local Sustainability
2.10.5 Environmental, Social, and Economic Components of Sustainability
2.10.6 Energy and Sustainable Development
2.10.7 Environment and Sustainable Development
2.10.8 Achieving Sustainable Development in Larger Countries
2.10.9 Important Factors for Sustainable Development
2.10.10 Sustainable Development Goals
2.11 Concluding Remarks
References
Study Questions/Problems
3 Thermal Energy Storage Methods. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermal Energy
3.3 Thermal Energy Storage
3.3.1 Basic Principle of TES
(a) TES Processes
(b) Topics of Investigation
3.3.2 Benefits of TES
3.3.3 Criteria for TES Evaluation
(a) Technical Criteria for TES
(b) Environmental Criteria for TES
(c) Economic Criteria for TES
(d) Energy Savings Criteria for TES
(e) Sizing Criteria for TES
(f) Feasibility Criteria for TES
(g) Integration Criteria for TES
(h) Storage Duration Criteria for TES
3.3.4 TES Market Considerations
(a) Barriers to TES Adoption
(b) Maturity of TES
(c) Market Position of TES
3.3.5 TES Heating and Cooling Applications
(a) Heating TES
(b) Cooling TES
(c) TES and Gas Cooling
3.3.6 TES Operating Characteristics
(a) Diurnal vs. Seasonal TES
(b) Individual vs. Aggregate TES Systems
3.3.7 ASHRAE TES Standards
3.4 Solar Energy and TES
3.4.1 TES Challenges for Solar Applications
3.4.2 TES Types and Solar Energy Systems
3.4.3 Storage Durations and Solar Applications
3.4.4 Building Applications of TES and Solar Energy
3.4.5 Design Considerations for Solar Energy‐Based TES
3.5 TES Methods
3.6 Sensible TES
3.6.1 Thermally‐Stratified TES Tanks
(a) Types and Features of Various Stratified TES Tanks
(b) Design Considerations for Stratified TES Tanks
(c) Stratified TES Tank Configurations
3.6.2 Concrete TES
3.6.3 Rock and Water/Rock TES
(a) Design Considerations for TES in Rocks
(b) Water‐Rock Beds
3.6.4 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES)
(a) Utilization of ATES
(b) Deep Confined Aquifers
(c) Performance of ATES
(d) Expansion of ATES Applications
(e) ATES Using Heat Pumps
3.6.5 Solar Ponds
3.6.6 Evacuated Solar Collector TES
3.7 Latent TES
3.7.1 Operational Aspects of Latent TES
3.7.2 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
(a) Normal Paraffins
(b) Zeolites
(c) Requirements of PCMs
(d) Characterization of PCMs
(e) Difficulties with PCMs
(f) Expectations of PCMs
(g) Applications of PCMs
(h) Evaluation of PCMs
(i) Characteristics and Thermophysical Properties of PCMs
(j) Performance of Latent TES with PCMs
(k) Selection of PCMs for Latent TES
(l) STL System
(m) Heat Pump Latent TES
3.8 Cold TES (CTES)
3.8.1 Working Principle
3.8.2 Operational Loading of CTES
(a) Full‐Storage CTES
(b) Partial‐Storage CTES
3.8.3 Design Considerations
3.8.4 CTES Sizing Strategies
3.8.5 Load Control and Monitoring in CTES
3.8.6 CTES Storage Media Selection and Characteristics
(a) Water vs. Ice CTES
(b) PCMs (Eutectic Salts) for CTES
(c) PlusICE™ PCMs
3.8.7 Storage Tank Types for CTES
3.8.8 Chilled‐Water CTES
(a) Series Storage Tanks for Chilled‐Water CTES
(b) Parallel Storage Tanks for Chilled‐Water CTES
(c) Stratified Storage Tanks for Chilled‐Water CTES
(d) Advantages of Chilled‐Water CTES
(e) Heat Pumps and Chilled‐Water CTES
3.8.9 Ice CTES
(a) Ice‐on‐Pipe CTES
(b) Ice Harvesters
(c) CTES Glycol Systems
(d) Ice‐Slurry CTES Systems
(e) CYFLIP as a New CTES System
(f) Practical Example I: Performance Curves for an Ice TES
(g) Practical Example II: Design and Operational Loads
3.8.10 Ice Forming
3.8.11 Ice Thickness Controls
3.8.12 Technical and Design Aspects of CTES
3.8.13 Selection Aspects of CTES
3.8.14 Cold Air Distribution in CTES
(a) Advantages of Cold‐Air Distribution and TES
(b) Disadvantages of Cold Air Distribution and TES
3.8.15 Potential Benefits of CTES
3.8.16 Electric Utilities and CTES
3.9 Seasonal TES
3.9.1 Seasonal TES for Heating Capacity
3.9.2 Seasonal TES for Cooling Capacity
3.9.3 Illustration
3.10 Concluding Remarks
References
Study Questions/Problems
4 Energy and Exergy Analyses. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Theory: Energy and Exergy Analyses
4.2.1 Motivation for Energy and Exergy Analyses
4.2.2 Conceptual Balance Equations for Mass, Energy, and Entropy
4.2.3 Detailed Balance Equations for Mass, Energy, and Entropy
4.2.4 Basic Quantities for Exergy Analysis
(a) Exergy of a Closed System
(b) Exergy of a Flowing Stream of Matter
(c) Exergy of Thermal Energy
(d) Exergy of Work and Electricity
(e) Exergy Destruction
4.2.5 Detailed Exergy Balance
4.2.6 The Reference Environment
4.2.7 Efficiencies (a) General Efficiency Concepts
(b) Energy and Exergy Efficiencies
4.2.8 Properties for Energy and Exergy Analyses
4.2.9 Implications of Results of Exergy Analyses
4.2.10 Steps for Energy and Exergy Analyses
4.3 Thermodynamic Considerations in TES Evaluation
4.3.1 Determining Important Analysis Quantities
4.3.2 Obtaining Appropriate Measures of Efficiency
4.3.3 Pinpointing Losses
4.3.4 Assessing the Effects of Stratification
4.3.5 Accounting for Time Duration of Storage
4.3.6 Accounting for Variations in Reference‐Environment Temperature
4.3.7 Closure
4.4 Exergy Evaluation of a Closed TES System
4.4.1 Description of the Case Considered
4.4.2 Analysis of the Overall Process
(a) Overall Energy Balance
(b) Overall Exergy Balance
(c) Overall Energy and Exergy Efficiencies
4.4.3 Analysis of Subprocesses
(a) Analysis of Charging Period
(b) Analysis of Storing Period
(c) Analysis of Discharging Period
4.4.4 Alternative Formulations of Subprocess Efficiencies
4.4.5 Relations Between Performance of Subprocesses and Overall Process
4.4.6 Example
(a) Energy Analysis for the Overall Process
(b) Exergy Analysis for the Overall Process
(c) Comparative Summary
4.4.7 Closure
4.5 Appropriate Efficiency Measures for Closed TES Systems
4.5.1 TES Model Considered
4.5.2 Energy and Exergy Balances
4.5.3 Energy and Exergy Efficiencies
4.5.4 Overall Efficiencies
4.5.5 Charging‐Period Efficiencies
4.5.6 Storing‐Period Efficiencies
4.5.7 Discharging‐Period Efficiencies
4.5.8 Summary of Efficiency Definitions
4.5.9 Illustrative Example (a) Problem Statement
(b) Results and Discussion
4.5.10 Closure
4.6 Importance of Temperature in Performance Evaluations for Sensible TES Systems
4.6.1 Energy, Entropy, and Exergy Balances for the TES System
4.6.2 TES System Model Considered
4.6.3 Analysis
4.6.4 Comparison of Energy and Exergy Efficiencies
4.6.5 Illustration
4.6.6 Closure
4.7 Exergy Analysis of Aquifer TES Systems
4.7.1 ATES Model
(a) Charging and Discharging
(b) Thermodynamic Losses
4.7.2 Energy and Exergy Analyses
(a) Charging
(b) Discharging
(c) Energy and Exergy Balances
(d) Efficiencies and Losses
4.7.3 Effect of a Threshold Temperature
4.7.4 Case Study (a) Background
(b) Assumptions and Simplifications
(c) Analysis and Results
(d) Discussion
Importance of Temperature
Effect of Threshold Temperature
Verification of Results
4.7.5 Closure
4.8 Exergy Analysis of Thermally Stratified Storages
4.8.1 General Stratified TES Energy and Exergy Expressions
4.8.2 Temperature‐Distribution Models and Relevant Expressions
(a) Linear Temperature‐Distribution Model
(b) Stepped Temperature‐Distribution Model
(c) Continuous‐Linear Temperature‐Distribution Model
(d) General‐Linear Temperature‐Distribution Model
(e) General Three‐Zone Temperature‐Distribution Model
(f) Basic Three‐Zone Temperature‐Distribution Model
4.8.3 Discussion and Comparison of Models
4.8.4 Illustrative Example: The Exergy‐Based Advantage of Stratification
4.8.5 Illustrative Example: Evaluating Stratified TES Energy and Exergy (a) Problem Statement
(b) Results and Discussion
4.8.6 Increasing TES Exergy Storage Capacity Using Stratification
(a) Analysis
(b) Effects of Varying Stratification Parameters. Effect of Varying T m
Effect of Varying Minimum and Maximum Temperatures for a Linear Profile
Effect of Varying Thermocline‐Size Parameter x 2
Effect of Varying Temperature‐Distribution Profile Shape
4.8.7 Illustrative Example: Increasing TES Exergy with Stratification
4.8.8 Closure
4.9 Energy and Exergy Analyses of Cold TES Systems
4.9.1 Energy Balances
4.9.2 Exergy Balances
4.9.3 Energy and Exergy Efficiencies
4.9.4 Illustrative Example (a) Cases Considered and Specified Data
(b) Results and Discussion
4.9.5 Case Study: Thermodynamic Performance of a Commercial Ice TES System
(a) Types and Operation of ITES Systems
(b) Description of ITES Considered and Its Operation
(c) Thermodynamic Analysis
(d) Results and Discussion
4.9.6 Case Study: Energy and Exergy Analyses of An Ice‐on‐Coil Thermal Energy Storage System
(a) Results and Discussion
4.9.7 Closure
4.10 Exergy‐Based Optimal Discharge Periods for Closed TES Systems
4.10.1 Analysis Description and Assumptions
4.10.2 Evaluation of Storage‐Fluid Temperature During Discharge
(a) Adiabatic TES Case
(b) Nonadiabatic TES Case
4.10.3 Discharge Efficiencies (a) Energy Efficiency
(b) Exergy Efficiency
4.10.4 Exergy‐Based Optimum Discharge Period
4.10.5 Illustrative Example
4.10.6 Closure
4.11 Exergy Analysis of Solar Ponds
4.11.1 Experimental Solar Pond
4.11.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis (a) Data Acquisition
(b) Data Analysis
(c) Temperatures
(d) Brine Density Gradient
4.11.3 Energy and Exergy Assessments (a) Energy Flows, Efficiencies, and Losses
(b) Exergy Flows, Efficiencies, and Losses
4.11.4 Potential Improvements
4.12 Concluding Remarks
Nomenclature
Greek Symbols
Subscripts
Superscripts
Acronyms
References
Study Questions/Problems
Appendix: Glossary of Selected Exergy‐Related Terminology
5 Numerical Modeling and Simulation. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Approaches and Methods
5.3 Selected Applications
5.4 Numerical Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of Sensible TES Systems
5.4.1 Modeling
5.4.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Analysis
5.4.3 Simulation
5.4.4 Thermodynamic Analysis
5.5 Case Studies for Sensible TES Systems
5.5.1 Case Study 1: Natural Convection in a Hot Water Storage Tank
(a) Performance Criteria
(b) Results and Discussion
(c) Closure for Case Study 1
5.5.2 Case Study 2: Forced Convection in a Stratified Hot Water Tank
(a) Performance Criteria
(b) Results and Discussion
(c) Closure for Case Study 2
5.5.3 General Discussion of Sensible TES Case Studies
5.6 Numerical Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis of Latent TES Systems
5.6.1 Modeling
5.6.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Analysis
5.6.3 Simulation
5.6.4 Thermodynamic Analysis
5.7 Case Studies for Latent TES Systems
5.7.1 Case Study 1: Two‐Dimensional Study of the Melting Process in an Infinite Cylindrical Tube
(a) Performance Criteria
(b) Results and Discussion
(c) Closure for Case Study 1
5.7.2 Case Study 2: Melting and Solidification of Paraffin in a Spherical Shell from Forced External Convection
(a) Validation of Numerical Model and Model Independence Testing
(b) Performance Criteria
(c) Results and Discussion
(d) Extension to Other Geometries
(e) Closure for Case Study 4
5.8 Illustrative Application for a Complex System: Numerical Assessment of Encapsulated Ice TES with Variable Heat Transfer Coefficients
5.8.1 Background
5.8.2 System Considered
5.8.3 Modeling and Simulation
(a) Assumptions
(b) Heat Transfer
(c) Initial and Boundary Conditions
(d) Physical Behavior
(e) Numerical Solution Procedure
5.8.4 Numerical Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Spherical Capsules
5.8.5 Heat Transfer Coefficients and Correlations
(a) Heat Transfer Coefficients
(b) Velocities
(c) Correlations
(d) Effect of Other Parameters
5.8.6 Closing Remarks for Illustrative Application for a Complex System
5.9 Thermal Performance Assessment of Geometrically Modified Ice Capsules During Discharging
5.9.1 Ice Capsules Studied
5.9.2 Numerical Modeling and Control Volume
5.9.3 Methodology for Numerical Analysis
5.9.4 Thermodynamic Analysis
(a) Energy Analysis
(b) Exergy Analysis
5.9.5 Results and Discussion (a) Numerical Model Validation
(b) Effect of Capsule Geometry on Discharging
(c) Energy Analysis
(d) Exergy Efficiency
5.9.6 Closing Comments on Case Study
5.10 Concluding Remarks
Nomenclature
Greek and Special Symbols
Subscripts
Acronyms
References
Study Questions/Problems
6 Thermal Management with Phase Change Materials. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermal Management
6.3 Thermal Management Methods
6.3.1 Fluid Flow
6.3.2 External Components
6.3.3 Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
6.4 Case Studies
6.4.1 Case Study 1
(a) System Description
(b) Analysis
(c) Analysis
(d) Closure
6.4.2 Case Study 2
(a) System Description
(b) Analysis. Heat Loss
Energy and Exergy Analyses
(c) Results and Discussion
(d) Closure
6.4.3 Case Study 3
(a) System Description
(b) Analysis
(c) Results and Discussion
(d) Closure
6.4.4 Case Study 4
(a) System Description
(b) Analysis
(c) Results and Discussion
(d) Closure
6.5 Concluding Remarks
Nomenclature
Greek Letters
Subscripts
Acronyms
References
Study Questions/Problems
7 Renewable Energy Systems with Thermal Energy Storage. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Renewable Energy Sources and Systems
7.2.1 Solar Energy Systems
7.2.2 Wind Energy Systems
7.2.3 Biomass Energy Systems
7.2.4 Geothermal Energy Systems
7.2.5 Ocean Energy Systems
7.3 Renewable Energy with Energy Storage
7.3.1 Thermal Energy Storage
7.3.2 Mechanical Energy Storage
7.3.3 Electromagnetic Storage
7.3.4 Chemical Storage
7.3.5 Electrochemical Storage
7.4 Case Study 1: Solar Energy System with Thermal Energy Storage
7.4.1 System Description
7.4.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
7.4.3 Results and Discussion
7.5 Case Study 2: Solar Energy‐Based System with Compressed Air Energy Storage
7.5.1 System Description
7.5.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
7.5.3 Results and Discussion
7.6 Case Study 3: Combining Wind and Current Turbines with Pumped Hydro Storage
7.6.1 System Description
7.6.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
7.6.3 Results and Discussion
7.7 Concluding Remarks
Nomenclature
Subscripts
Greek Letters
References
Problems
8 Case Studies. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ice CTES Case Studies
8.2.1 Rohm and Haas, Spring House Research Facility, Pennsylvania, USA
(a) Scope of the Project
(b) Description of the System
8.2.2 A Cogeneration Facility, California, USA
(a) Plant Description
(b) Inlet Chilling Concept
(c) Design Considerations
(d) System Design Basis
(e) Inlet Air Chiller Coil Design
(f) TES Design
(g) Refrigeration Design
(h) System Operation
(i) Closing Remarks
8.2.3 A Power Generation Plant, Gaseem, Saudi Arabia
(a) Basis of Design
8.2.4 Channel Island Power Station, Darwin, Australia
(a) Motivation
(b) Background
(c) Power Production Challenges and Options
(d) Description of the Selected System
8.2.5 Abraj Atta'awuneya Ice CTES Project, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
8.2.6 Alitalia's Headquarters Building, Rome, Italy
8.2.7 GIMSA Hypermarket Ice CTES System, Ankara, Turkey
8.3 Ice‐Slurry CTES Case Studies
8.3.1 Stuart C. Siegel Center at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
(a) System Description
(b) System Operation
(c) Economic Details
8.3.2 Slurry‐Ice Rapid Cooling System, Boston, UK
(a) System Description
(b) Technical Benefits
8.3.3 Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Residential Cold Thermal Energy Storage System
8.4 Chilled Water CTES Case Studies
8.4.1 Central Chilled‐Water System at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
(a) Purpose of the Study
(b) Methods and Model Development
(c) Analyses
(d) Findings
(e) Closing Remarks
8.4.2 Chilled‐Water CTES in a Trigeneration Project for the World Fair (EXPO'98), Lisbon, Portugal
(a) Technical Details
(b) Chilled‐Water CTES
(c) Cost Saving Achieved with TES
(d) Related Innovations
(e) Benefits From Centralized System
8.4.3 Chilled‐Water CTES System in an Integrated System for Multigeneration
8.5 PCM‐Based CTES Case Studies
8.5.1 Bangsar District Cooling Plant, Malaysia
(a) Objective
(b) Technical Data
(c) Characteristics
(d) Technical Advantages
(e) Financial Advantages
8.5.2 PCM CTES System at Bergen University College, Norway
8.6 PCM‐Based Latent TES for Heating Case Studies
8.6.1 Solar Power Tower in Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA
(a) Desirable Features of Power Towers for Utilities
(b) Advantages of Using Molten Salt as a Heat Transport and Storage Medium
8.6.2 PCM‐Filled Wall for Latent TES System in a Residential Application
8.7 Sensible TES Case Studies
8.7.1 New TES in Kumamuto, Kyushu
(a) System Description
(b) Leveling Peak Electrical Loads
8.7.2 Sensible Aquifer TES System for a Residential Application
8.8 Other Case Studies
8.8.1 Potential for TES in a Hotel in Bali
(a) Description of Hotel and Its Cooling System
(b) Chilled‐Water TES Scenarios
(c) Extension to Other Hotels in Bali
8.8.2 Integrated TES Community System: Drake Landing Solar Community
(a) Energy System and Its Operation
(b) Key Energy Components
(c) Benefits
(d) Economics
8.8.3 The Borehole TES System at University of Ontario Institute of Technology
(a) Hydrogeology at Site
(b) BTES System
(c) BTES Field Construction and Borehole Heat Exchanger Installation
(d) Ground‐Source Heat Pump and HVAC System
(e) Performance Assessment
(f) Economic Aspects
(g) Other Efficiency Measures
8.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Study Questions/Problems
Index. a
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