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J. Rand Capron. Auroræ: Their Characters and Spectra
Auroræ: Their Characters and Spectra
Table of Contents
PREFACE
LIST OF PLATES
PART I. THE AURORA AND ITS CHARACTERS
CHAPTER I. THE AURORA AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS
CHAPTER II. SOME GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF AURORÆ
CHAPTER III. SOME SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF AURORÆ, INCLUDING RESULTS OF THE ENGLISH ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1875–76
Captain Sabine’s Auroræ
Aurora seen at Sunderland, February 8th, 1817
Description of Aurora by Dr. Hayes, 6th January, 1861
Prof. Lemström’s Aurora of 1st September, 1868
Mr. J. R. Capron’s Aurora of October 24th, 1870
Mr. Barker’s (superposed) red and white Auroræ, 9th November (1870?)
Mr. J. R. Capron’s Aurora of February 4th, 1872
Description of an Aurora seen at Cardiff
Mr. J. R. Capron’s Aurora, seen at Guildown, Guildford, February 4th, 1874
Mr. Herbert Ingall’s Aurora, July 18th, 1874
Mr. J. R. Capron’s White Aurora of September 11th, 1874
Dr. Allnatt’s Aurora, June 9th, 1876
Herr Carl Bock’s Lapland Aurora, 3rd October, 1877
Rev. T. W. Webb’s Aurora
The English Arctic Expedition 1875–76, under Capt. Sir George Nares
Aurora Australis
Prof. Piazzi Smyth’s Typical Auroræ
CHAPTER IV. PHENOMENA SIMULATING AURORÆ
Auroric Lights (Kinahan)
Luminous Arch
CHAPTER V. SOME QUALITIES OF THE AURORA
Noises attending Auroræ
Colours of the Aurora
Height of the Aurora
Phosphorescence
Aurora and Ozone
Polarization of the Aurora Light
Number of Auroræ
Duration of Aurora
The Travelling of Auroræ
Geographical Distribution of Auroræ (Fritz and Loomis)
Extent and principal Zone of the Aurora
CHAPTER VI. THE AURORA IN CONNEXION WITH OTHER PHENOMENA
Auroræ and Clouds
Aurora and Thunder-storms
Aurora and the Magnetic Needle
Auroræ, Magnetic Disturbances, and Sun-spots
Aurora and Electricity
Aurora and Meteoric Dust
The Aurora and the Planets Venus and Jupiter
The Aurora and the Zodiacal Light
CHAPTER VII. AURORA-LIKE PATCHES ON THE PARTIALLY-ECLIPSED MOON
CHAPTER VIII. AURORA AND THE SOLAR CORONA
CHAPTER IX. SUPPOSED CAUSES OF THE AURORA
Prof. Lemström’s Theory
Theories of MM. Becquerel and De la Rive
M. Planté’s Electric Experiments
PART II. THE SPECTRUM OF THE AURORA
CHAPTER X. SPECTROSCOPE ADAPTED FOR THE AURORA
Flickering of the Green Line
Mr. Backhouse’s graphical Spectra of four Auroræ
Lord Lindsay’s Aurora-Spectrum, 21st October, 1870
Spectrum of the Aurora Australis
Prof. Piazzi Smyth’s Aurora-Spectra
Author’s Catalogue of the Auroral Lines
Theories in relation to the Aurora and its Spectrum
CHAPTER XI. THE COMPARISON OF SOME TUBE AND OTHER SPECTRA WITH THE SPECTRUM OF THE AURORA
Hydrogen-tube
Carbon- and Oxygen-tubes
Geissler Mercury-tube (Plate X. fig. 7) and Barometer Mercurial vacuum
Air-tubes
Violet [negative] Pole, same tube
Red [positive] Pole
Aurora (air)-tube. (Plate XV. spectrum 4.)
Phosphorescent tube
Spark in Air
Spark over Water
Phosphoretted-Hydrogen Flame
Iron-Spectrum
Spectrum of Mercury
The following Table was compiled for the purpose of comparing the foregoing results with the Aurora-spectrum
CHAPTER XII. SOME NOTES ON PROFESSOR ÅNGSTRÖM’S THEORY OF THE AURORA-SPECTRUM
CHAPTER XIII. THE OXYGEN-SPECTRUM IN RELATION TO THE AURORA (PROCTER AND SCHUSTER)
PART III. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC EXPERIMENTS IN CONNEXION WITH THE AURORA
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER XIV. EXAMINATION OF GEISSLER TUBES UNDER ACTION OF THE MAGNET
Nitrogen-tubes
Oxygen-tubes
Hydrogen-tubes
Water-Gas (H₂O) tube
Ammonia-tube
Carbonic-Acid tube
Chlorine-tubes
Iodine-tubes
Bromine-tubes
Silicic-Fluoride tubes
Sulphuric-Acid (SO₃) tubes
Sulphur-tube
CHAPTER XV. EFFECT OF MAGNET ON A CAPILLARY GLASS TUBE
Action of Magnet on a bar of heavy glass
CHAPTER XVI. EFFECT OF MAGNET ON WIDE AIR (AURORA) TUBE
Note on Stratification
Effect of Magnet on Plücker (Air-) Tube
Effect of Magnet on Plücker Tube (Tin Chloride)
Effect of Magnet on Tin-Chloride Geissler Tube
CHAPTER XVII. EFFECT OF MAGNET ON BULBED PHOSPHORESCENT TUBE
Lighting-up Tubes with One Wire only (Marquis of Salisbury’s Observations)
CHAPTER XVIII. ACTION OF THE MAGNET ON THE ELECTRIC SPARK
CHAPTER XIX. THE DISCHARGE IN VACUO IN LARGER VESSELS, AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS THEREON
Some of Baron Reichenbach’s Magnetic Researches tested
SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR RESULTS
CHAPTER XX. SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. REFERENCES TO SOME WORKS AND ESSAYS ON THE AURORA
APPENDIX B. EXTRACTS FROM THE MANUAL AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE (ENGLISH) ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1875
Spectroscopic Observations. By Prof. G. G. Stokes, Sec. R.S. Spectrum of the Aurora
Polarization of Light. By W. Spottiswoode, M.A., LL.D., Treas. R.S
Instructions in the use of the Spectroscopes supplied to the Arctic Expedition.By J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. Spectroscopic Work
General Observations regarding the Spectrum of the Aurora[17]
APPENDIX C. EXTRACTS FROM PARLIAMENTARY BLUE BOOK, CONTAINING THE “RESULTS DERIVED FROM THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1875–76.” (Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1878.)
Auroras observed 1875–1876, at Floebery Beach and Discovery Bay
Table of Dates when Auroras were observed by the Arctic Expedition, 1875–76
Auroras and Magnetic Disturbances
APPENDIX D. THE AURORA AND OZONE
APPENDIX E. INQUIRIES INTO THE SPECTRUM OF THE AURORA
1. Observations of the Aurora
2. On the Spectra of some Gases in Geissler’s Tubes, as well as on the Spectrum of the Atmospheric Air
I. Oxygen
II. Hydrogen
III. Nitrogen
IV. Atmospheric Air
3. Comparison of the Aurora-Spectrum with the Spectra of Atmospheric Gases and of Inorganic Substances
FOOTNOTES
