Оглавление
Marja-Liisa Siikonen. People Flow in Buildings
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
People Flow in Buildings
Preface
Symbols and Abbreviations
Scope of the Book
1 Building Design Population
1.1 Office Building Population
Example 1.1 Consider an office building with 14 floors and NIA of 400 m 2 . Define the design population, U, when workplace area per person is 8 m2 /person. Utilization factor is 0.8, and NIA is 90% of GIA. How big is floor GIA?
Example 1.2 How many inhabitants can be estimated to fit a standard residential building with 10 floors from the floor layout of Figure 1.3, according to the ISO‐method shown in Table 1.1, and the rule of thumb
1.2 Number of Inhabitants in Residential Buildings
1.3 Number of Hotel Guests
1.4 People Arriving from Parking Areas
1.5 Population in Hospitals
1.6 Other Types of Populated Buildings
2 People Counting Methods
2.1 Counting Technology Inside and Outside Buildings
2.2 Passenger Traffic Components
2.3 Manual People‐counting
2.4 Use of Optical Vision
2.5 Visitor‐counting with Photocell Signals and Infra‐red Beams
2.6 People‐counting with Access Control System
2.7 Passenger‐counting by Load‐weighing Device
2.8 Elevator Monitoring Systems
2.9 External Traffic Measurement Devices
2.10 Smart Sensing and Mobile Computing
Example 2.1 Figure 2.6 shows the elevator load during an elevator stop. Let us assume car arrival load is 90 kg, minimum load is 10 kg, and departure load 75 kg. How many passenger transfers, P, during a stop are counted when using the three above mentioned, load‐based passenger counting methods
3 Passenger Arrival Process in Buildings. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Poisson Arrival Process. 3.2.1 Probability Density Function
3.2.2 Example of Passenger Arrivals Through Security Cages
3.3 Passenger Arrivals in Batches. 3.3.1 Batch Arrivals in Elevator Lobbies
3.3.2 Batch Arrivals in Escalators
3.3.3 Observed Batch Sizes in Several Building Types
3.3.4 Batch Size Variation in Elevator Lobbies During the Day
3.3.5 Modelling of Batch Size Distribution
4 Daily Vertical Passenger Traffic Profiles. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vertical Building Traffic Components
4.3 Two‐Way Traffic and Effect of Measurement Interval
4.4 Effect of Inter‐Floor Traffic
4.5 Occupancy in Buildings
4.6 Passenger Trips with Elevators
Example 4.1 In 2018, how many passengers, Nele, did the elevators transport in Europe? According to European Lift Association (ELA), in 2018 there were 6 155 178 elevators in operation in Europe (Gemici‐Loukas 2019)
4.7 People Flow in Office Buildings. 4.7.1 Traffic in Offices
4.7.2 Observed Daily Two‐Way Traffic Profiles
4.7.3 Daily Traffic Profiles with Inter‐Floor Traffic
4.8 People Flow in Hotels. 4.8.1 Traffic in Hotels
4.8.2 Daily Traffic Profiles in Hotels
4.9 People Flow in Residential Buildings. 4.9.1 Traffic in Residential Buildings
4.9.2 Traffic Profiles in Residential Buildings
4.10 People Flow Profiles in Hospitals. 4.10.1 Hospital Traffic
4.10.2 Daily Traffic in Hospitals
4.11 People Flow in Commercial and Public Buildings. 4.11.1 Traffic in Commercial and Public Buildings
Example 4.2 In 2018, how many passengers, Nesc, did the escalators transport in Europe? According to ELA, there were 149 354 escalators in operation in Europe in 2018 (Gemici‐Loukas 2019)
4.11.2 Daily People Flow in Escalators
4.11.3 Daily People Flow in Elevators in Shopping Centres
4.11.4 Duration of a Visit in a Shopping Centre
4.11.5 People Flow by GPS in Public Buildings
4.12 People Flow on Cruise Ships. 4.12.1 Traffic in Cruisers
4.12.2 Daily Traffic Profiles for Typical Days
5 Monitored Elevator Traffic Data. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Service Quality Parameters
5.3 Measured Passenger Service Level. 5.3.1 Measured Passenger Traffic with External Device
5.3.2 Call Time Distribution
5.3.3 Waiting Time Distribution with Destination Control
5.3.4 Monthly Service Times
5.4 Measured Elevator Performance. 5.4.1 Number of Starts During a Month
Example 5.1 Calculate the number of annual starts for the five buildings referred to in Table 5.3 assuming the monitored monthly traffic repeats the same during the 360 elevator operating days a year
5.4.2 Correlation Between Cycle Time and Round Trip Time
6 Historical Overview
7 Push‐Button Control Systems. 7.1 Signal Operation
7.2 Single‐Button Collective Control
7.3 Down Collective Control
7.4 Interconnected Full Collective Control Principle
8 Collective Group Control System. 8.1 Software‐Based Collective Control System
8.2 Bunching
8.3 Next Car Up
8.4 Dynamic Sub‐zoning
8.5 Channelling
8.6 Queue Selective Control System
9 Intelligent Group Control Systems
9.1 Performance Requirements
Example 9.1
Example 9.2
9.2 Control System Architectures
10 Artificial Intelligence in Elevator Dispatching. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 AI Architectures
Example 10.1 An example of intelligent control
Example 10.2 Apply fuzzy rules in multi‐objective optimization
10.3 Traffic Forecasting
Example 10.3 Use the SMA and EMA methods to forecast the passenger traffic from the five weeks’ data. Use α = 0.5, and assume the measured data values of Xi = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 passengers for time intervals i = 0, 1, …, 4
10.4 Fuzzy Logic
Example 10.4 Define the traffic type with fuzzy rules from the measured passenger traffic
Example 10.5 Apply fuzzy rules for instantaneous car assignment
10.5 Genetic Algorithm
Example 10.6 How GA is used in allocating hall calls to elevators
10.6 Neural Networks
Example 10.7 The use of a single layer NN to improve elevator dispatching
Example 10.8 Utilization of MLP in elevator dispatching
10.7 Optimization Objective Functions
10.8 Elevator Lobby with Collective Control System
10.9 Hospital Service Modes
11 Destination Control System
11.1 Adaptive Call Allocation Algorithm
11.2 Destination Control System
11.3 Hybrid Destination Control System
11.4 ‘Harmonized’ Elevator Dispatching
11.5 Elevator Lobby with Destination Control System
12 Multi‐Car Control Systems. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Paternoster
12.3 Odyssey
12.4 Double‐Deck Elevators. 12.4.1 Functional Principle of Double‐Deck Elevators
12.4.2 Conventional Double‐Deck Control
12.4.3 Double‐Deck Destination Control
12.4.4 Harmonized Dispatching for Double‐Deck Elevators
12.5 TWIN
12.6 MULTI
Example 12.1 Assume that MCE moves in the shaft the same way as in paternosters with 30‐second time intervals. How many cabins are needed if the round trip time of one cabin is 210s?
12.7 Other Possible Multi‐Car Elevator Control Systems
13 Access Control Systems. 13.1 Application Areas
13.2 Access Control by an External Provider
13.3 Access Control Embedded in an Elevator Control
14 Architectural Considerations of Elevators. 14.1 Layouts with Conventional Control
14.2 Layouts with Destination Control System
14.3 Dimensions of Passenger Elevators
14.4 Vertical Elevator Dimensions
14.5 Lobby Arrangement with Double‐Deck Elevators
15 Architectural Considerations of Other People Flow Solutions. 15.1 Escalator Arrangements
15.2 Horizontal Escalator Dimensions
15.3 Vertical Escalator Dimensions
15.4 Dimensions of Moving Walkways
15.5 Staircase Dimensions
15.6 Building Door Types
16 Introduction
17 Elevator Traffic Calculation Methods. 17.1 Elevator Performance Parameters
17.2 Elevator Handling Capacity Equation
17.3 Elevator Kinematics. 17.3.1 Elevator Rated Speed
17.3.2 Flight Time Calculation
17.4 Up‐Peak Round Trip Time Equations
17.4.1 Uniform Passenger Arrivals
Example 17.1
17.4.2 Poisson Arrival Process
Example 17.2
17.4.3 Uniform Arrival Process for r‐Floor Elevator Jumps
Example 17.3
17.4.4 Poisson Arrival Process for r‐Floor Elevator Jumps
Example 17.4
17.4.5 Uniform Arrival Process for Elevator Jumps Between Floor Pairs
17.4.6 Poisson Arrival Process for Elevator Jumps Between Floor Pairs
17.4.7 A Generalized Round Trip Time Formula
17.5 Round Trip Time‐Related Equations. 17.5.1 Shuttle Elevators
17.5.2 Express Zones
Example 17.5
17.5.3 Dynamic Zoning in Up‐peak
17.5.4 Unsymmetric Elevator Groups
Example 17.6
17.5.5 Multiple Entrance Floors
Example 17.7
17.5.6 Two‐Way Traffic
Example 17.8
17.6 Multi‐Car Traffic Analysis. 17.6.1 Paternoster Performance
Example 17.9
17.6.2 Double‐Deck Performance
17.6.3 Number of MULTI Cabins and Shafts
17.7 Egress Time with Elevators
18 Passenger Service Level. 18.1 Queuing Theoretical Approach
18.1.1 Waiting Times
Example 18.1
18.1.2 Transit Times
Example 18.2
18.1.3 Journey Time
18.2 Queuing at Hot Spots
19 Pedestrian Traffic
19.1 People Flow Density. 19.1.1 Level of Service
19.1.2 Human Body Size
19.1.3 Passenger Characteristics
19.1.4 Passenger Space Demand in Elevators
19.2 Escalator Handling Capacity
Example 19.1
19.3 Handling Capacity of Moving Walkways
19.4 People Flow in Walkways
19.5 People Flow in Staircases
19.6 People Flow in Corridors and Doorways
19.7 Handling Capacities of Turnstiles and Ticket Counters
19.8 Number of Destination Operation Panels
20 Introduction
21 Traffic Simulation Methods. 21.1 Monte Carlo Simulation
21.2 Passenger Traffic Generation
21.3 Traffic Simulation of an Elevator Group
21.4 Building Traffic Simulation
21.5 People Flow Simulation. 21.5.1 Simulation Software Architecture
21.5.2 Passenger Routing Model
22 Simulation Procedure. 22.1 Simulated Handling Capacity
22.2 Initial Transient
22.3 Stepwise or Ramp Arrival Profiles
22.4 Traffic Patterns. 22.4.1 Introduction
22.4.2 Office Traffic Templates
22.4.3 Hotel Traffic Templates
22.4.4 Traffic Templates of Residential Buildings
23 Validation of Elevator Traffic Simulation Software. 23.1 Introduction
23.2 Verification of Simulator Models
Example 23.1
Example 23.2
Example 23.3
23.3 Validation of the Elevator Traffic Simulator
Example 23.4
24 Simulated Elevator Performance and Passenger Service Level
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Up‐Peak Boosting. 24.2.1 Traffic Boosting with Destination Control
24.2.2 Boosting with Double‐Deck System
24.2.3 Effect of Elevator Group Size
Example 24.1
24.3 Traffic Simulations with Diverse Control Systems
24.3.1 Simulation Setup for an Example Building
24.3.2 Conventional Control with Single‐Car Elevator System
Example 24.2
24.3.3 Destination Control with Single‐Car Elevator System
24.3.4 Conventional Control Double‐Deck System
24.3.5 Destination Control Double‐Deck System
24.4 Comparison Handling Capacities
24.5 Service Time Distributions with Conventional System
Example 24-3
25 Introduction
26 ISO 8100‐32. 26.1 Background
26.2 Design Process
26.3 ISO Calculation Method
26.4 ISO Simulation Method
26.5 Selection of Rated Load Based on Mass
Example 26.1
26.6 Selection of Rated Load Based on Area and Mass
Example 26.2
27 Design Criteria
27.1 ISO 8100‐32 Design Criteria
Example 27.1
Example 27.2
27.2 BCO Design Criteria for Offices
Example 27.3
27.3 Other Design Criteria
28 Elevatoring Low‐ and Mid‐Rise Buildings. 28.1 Offices
28.2 Hotels
28.3 Residential Buildings
28.4 Hospitals
28.5 Parking Areas
29 People Transportation in Commercial and Public Buildings. 29.1 Mass Transits
29.2 Public Transportation Buildings
29.3 Commercial Buildings
29.4 Observation Decks
Example 29.1
30 Elevatoring Tall Buildings. 30.1 Background
30.2 Zoning of Super Tall Buildings
30.3 Example Zonings of a Super Tall Building
30.4 Zoning from the Ground. 30.4.1 ISO Simulation Method for Zoned Arrangements
30.4.2 Selected Elevator Group Lobby Layouts
30.4.3 Main Entrance Core Areas
30.5 Sky Lobby Arrangement. 30.5.1 Double‐Deck Shuttle Elevators
30.5.2 Multi‐Car Shuttle Elevators
Example 30.1
30.5.3 ISO Simulation Method for Sky Lobby Arrangements
30.5.4 Selected Elevator Group Lobby Layouts
30.5.5 Main Entrance Core Areas for Sky Lobby Arrangements
30.6 Core Space of Different Arrangements
31 Building Evacuation. 31.1 Introduction
31.2 Egress Time Calculation in Building Design. 31.2.1 Background
31.2.2 Egress by Stairs
Example 31.1
31.2.3 Egress by Elevators
31.3 Generic Emergency Evacuation Types. 31.3.1 Non‐fire Emergency Evacuation
31.3.2 Fire Evacuation Modes
31.4 Total Evacuation
31.5 Staged Evacuation
31.6 Fractional Evacuation
31.6.1 Lifeboat
31.6.2 Refuge Floors
31.6.3 Scenario Configuration from BMS
31.7 Elevator Evacuation‐related Standards and Guidelines. 31.7.1 Evacuation Elevator Requirements
31.7.2 Firefighters Lifts – EN 81‐72:2015
31.7.3 Evacuation of Disabled Persons Using Lifts – CEN/TS 81‐76:2011
31.7.4 Occupant Evacuation Operation – ASME A17.1:2013
31.7.5 Elevators Used to Assist in Building Evacuation – ISO/TS 18870:2014
31.8 Evacuation Strategies of Megatall Buildings. 31.8.1 Introduction
31.8.2 Jeddah Tower
31.8.3 Shanghai Tower
31.8.4 Royal Clock Tower, Makkah
31.8.5 One World Trade Center, New York
32 How High Can We Go?
Epilogue
Glossary
Appendix
Bibliography
Index. a
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