A History of Germany 1918 - 2020

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Mary Fulbrook. A History of Germany 1918 - 2020

A History of Germany 1918-2018. The Divided Nation

Table of Contents

Guide

Pages

Plates

Maps

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Acknowledgments

1. The Course of German History

2. The Weimar Republic

Germany in the Early Twentieth Century

The ‘Last Revolution from Above’

The Incomplete Revolution of November 1918

The Weimar Constitution and the Treaty of Versailles

Political Unrest and Economic Chaos

Apparent Stabilization, 1924–1929

The Golden Twenties? Society and Culture in the Weimar Republic

3 The Collapse of Democracy and the Rise of Hitler

The Flawed Compromise

The Rise of the NSDAP

Economic Crises and the Collapse of Democracy

Hitler’s Path to Power

4 A ‘National Community’? State, Economy and Society, 1933–1939. Gleichschaltung and Hitler’s State

Society, Culture and Everyday Life

Economy and Society

The Radicalization of the Regime

5 War, Extermination and Defeat

Mass Extermination and the Holocaust

Resistance and Defeat

6 Occupation and Division, 1945–49

The Allies and the Framework of Political Life

The Democratization of German Politics?

Denazification and Reeducation

Economic Revival and Transformation

The Cold War and the Division of Germany

7 Crystallization and Consolidation, 1949–61

The Constitution and Political System of the Federal Republic

The Constitution and Political System of the GDR

The Problem of Missed Opportunities, 1949–61

Foreign Relations

Adenauer’s Germany

Ulbricht’s Germany, 1949–61

8 Transformation and the ‘Established Phase’, 1961–88

West Germany After Adenauer

East Germany in the 1960s

Ostpolitik and Mutual Recognition

West Germany in the 1970s and 1980s

East Germany Under Honecker

9 Diverging Societies

Aspects of Social Structure and Social Mobility

Standards of Living

Education and Socialization in the Two Germanies

Women and the Family in the Two Germanies

10 Politics and the State

The Political System of the GDR

The West German Political System

The State, the Army and Law and Order

11 Dissent and Opposition

Dissent and Opposition in East Germany

Mass Protest and Isolated Intellectuals

The Church and the Proliferation of Dissent

Dissent and Opposition in West Germany

12 Diverging Cultures and National Identities?

Aspects of Cultural Life

The Divided Nation: National Identities and Historical Consciousness in the Two Germanies

Changing Patterns of Political Culture

German National Identities and Political Cultures

13 The East German Revolution and the End of the Postwar Era

The ‘Gentle Revolution’, 26 August–9 November 1989

The Opening of the Floodgates and the Deflected Revolution

The End of a Divided Nation?

14 The Berlin Republic

Social and Political Transformations

The Unexpected Afterlife of the GDR

The Past That Still Refused to Pass Away?

United Germany in an Expanding Europe

Merkel’s Germany, 2005–2020

15 Tension and Transformation in Twentieth-Century Germany

The Role of the Third Reich

The Double Transformation: The Two Germanies, 1945–1989

The View from the Twenty-First Century

Notes. 1 The Course of German History

2 The Weimar Republic: Origins and Orientations

3 The Collapse of Democracy and the Rise of Hitler

4 A ‘National Community’? State, Economy and Society, 1933–1939

5 War, Extermination and Defeat

6 Occupation and Division, 1945–1949

7 Crystallization and Consolidation, 1949–1961

8 Transformation and the ‘Established Phase’, 1961–1988

9 Diverging Societies

10 Politics and the State

11 Dissent and Opposition

12 Diverging Cultures and National Identities?

13 The East German Revolution and the End of the Postwar Era

14 The Berlin Republic

15 Tension and Transformation in Twentieth-Century Germany

Select Bibliography ofEnglish-Language Works

General Works Covering All or a Substantial Part of the Period

Weimar Germany and the Rise of Nazism

The Third Reich

East and West Germany, 1945–1990

Unification and Germany since 1990

Index

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Отрывок из книги

FIFTH EDITION

Mary Fulbrook

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When the details of reparations were finally announced at the Paris conference of January 1921, the high sums involved were to arouse great indignation and to have tremendous political and (politically exacerbated) economic consequences. Arguably again, the perceptions and representations of reparations, and the ways actively chosen by German politicians to deal with reparations, posed the greatest problems with respect to the economic and psychological consequences of this aspect of the postwar settlement.

Altogether, the apparently very harsh treatment of Germany after the First World War was to prove a considerable burden for Weimar democracy, and a powerful cause of the persistent, widespread and energetic revisionism on the part of many groups and individuals in the following years – not only in Germany but also across other areas of central and eastern Europe where grievances festered or unrest could rapidly be fomented. Within Germany, the legend of the ‘stab in the back’ was to gain considerable currency in summer 1919, feeding into later prejudices against the perceived Judeo-Bolshevik threat. More broadly, for many people the political system of ‘democracy’ became synonymous with national humiliation and, increasingly, economic ruin.

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