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Nick Barratt. Who Do You Think You Are? Encyclopedia of Genealogy: The definitive reference guide to tracing your family history
WHO
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF. GENEALOGY. THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO TRACING. YOUR FAMILY HISTORY. NICK BARRATT
Contents
Introduction
How to Use This Book
SECTION ONE
SECTION TWO
SECTION THREE
SECTIONS FOUR & FIVE
SECTION ONE. Getting Started
CHAPTER 1. First Steps
Why Do You Want to Start Your Research?
How Do You Want to Approach Your Research?
Reality Bites …
Starting Out
SUMMARY
Widening Your Search: Talking to Your Family
Interview Techniques
Family Secrets and Myths
Verifying Information
HOW TO…
Looking for Clues
SUMMARY
Preserve Your Past for the Future
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2. Building Your Family Tree
Creating a Family Tree
Understanding Family Relationships
Blood Relations
Extended Family by Blood
Nieces and Nephews
Uncles and Aunts
Cousins
Extended Family by Marriage
In-laws
Step-relations
Half-relations
Drawing Your Family Tree
Abbreviations in Family Trees
Online Family Trees
SUMMARY
www.genesreunited.co.uk
www.ancestry.co.uk
www.myheritage.com
www.familysearch.org
Setting Your Goals
HOW TO …
Step One: Verify Your Data
Step Two: Working Further Back
Step Three: Focusing On One Story
HOW TO …
Set a Budget
CHAPTER 3. Working in Archives
Gathering Evidence
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
Where to Look for Evidence: Archives, Record Offices, Libraries and Museums. What is an Archive?
Local Studies Centres
Family History Centres
County Archives
Municipal Archives
National Archives
Specialist Genealogical Libraries
Libraries
Museums
How to Find an Archive
Working in Archives
Step One: Preparing for Your Visit
Make Contact
Book a Seat
Registration and Identification
Location and Travel
HOW TO …
Opening Hours
Access
Costs and Facilities
Step Two: Searching for Documents
Catalogues
Amalgamated Catalogues Online
Important Institutional Catalogues Online
HOW TO …
Step Three: Working Responsibly in an Archive
HOW TO …
Step Four: Avoiding Potential Pitfalls
Physical Labour
Latin
Reading Old Handwriting
Dates
HOW TO …
Context
General Organization
Note Taking
Filing
CHAPTER 4. Research Tips and Hints
Avoiding Mistakes Early On
Never Assume …
CASE EXAMPLE
Question the Evidence
Concentrate!
HOW TO …
Has Your Tree Been Researched Before?
Society of Genealogists
Published Pedigrees
College of Arms
Online Pedigrees
Guild of One-Name Studies
SUMMARY
Remember … Check the Evidence
Researching Your Genealogy Online
Dataset Websites. Commercial Sites
Archives
Newspaper Collections
Portal Websites
HOW TO …
GENUKI
Cyndi’s List
Network Websites
Forums
Communities and Mailing Lists
SUMMARY
Internet Etiquette and Problems Associated with Online Genealogy
Common Problems Working Online
Reliability: Checking Sources Online
Citations and Copyright
SUMMARY
Getting Help Offline. Problem Solving
Family History Societies
Lectures, Courses and Workshops
Professional Researchers
SUMMARY
SECTION TWO. Basic Sources
CHAPTER 5. Civil Registration
Civil Registration in England and Wales
Making the Most of Civil Registration Certificates
Research hints
What Do the Certificates Contain? Birth Certificates
CASE EXAMPLE
Marriage Certificates
CASE EXAMPLE
Death Certificates
CASE EXAMPLE
How to Locate and Order a Certificate
Local Registration
National GRO Indexes
Common Problems
Late Registration
Lack of Registration
Incorrect Index Entry
Online GRO Indexes
www.freebmd.org.uk
www.ancestry.co.uk
www.findmypast.com
www.familyrelatives.com
Civil Registration of Britons Overseas
Civil Registration in Scotland
Birth Certificates
Marriage Certificates
Death Certificates
Other Hints
Civil Registration in Ireland
Republic of Ireland General Register Office
Birth Indexes
Marriage Indexes
Death Indexes
General Register Office of Northern Ireland
Birth Indexes
Marriage Indexes
Death Indexes
CHAPTER 6. Census Returns
How Census Information was Collected
Making the Most of Census Returns
Research hints
England and Wales: Census Returns 1841–1901. Information Contained on the 1841 Census
Archive References for the 1841 Census
Information Contained on the 1851–1901 Censuses
Archive References for the 1851–1901 Censuses. 1.1851 census
2.1861 census
3.1871 census
4.1881 census
5.1891 census
6.1901 census
Accessing Census Collections for England and Wales
The National Archives
Local Record Offices and Archives
Online
Troubleshooting: What to Do If You Can’t Find Your Ancestor
Data Wrongly Indexed or Transcribed
CASE STUDY. Bill Oddie pt 1
Inaccurate Information Provided by Ancestors
Your Ancestor Was Not Recorded on the Census
Missing Census Returns
Census Returns for Scotland
Census Returns for Ireland
Nineteenth-century Returns
1901 and 1911 Census Returns
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 7. Parish Records
HOW TO …
Parish Records of the Church of England
How to Interpret Parish Registers. Baptisms
Marriages
Marriage by Banns
Marriage Licences
Irregular or Clandestine Marriages
Hardwicke’s Marriage Act
Burials
Parish Burials
Cemeteries
Monumental Inscriptions
Location of Parish Records for England and Wales
Parish Records for Non-conformists
CASE STUDY. Bill Oddie pt 2
Protestant Dissenter Records
Baptism Records
Marriage Records
Burial Records
Other Religious Communities
The Society of Friends (Quakers)
Roman Catholics
Huguenots
Jews
Non-conformity in Wales
Name Indexes for Parish Registers
International Genealogical Index
British Vital Records Index
Boyd’s Marriage Index
Pallot’s Marriage and Baptism Index
The National Burial Index
Searching for Parish Registers Online
www.familysearch.org
www.findmypast.co.uk
www.origins.net
Overseas Parish Registers
The Bishop of London Registers
The National Archives’ Consular Records
Research Techniques: Using Other Sources
Parish Records for Scotland, Ireland and Other Parts
Scotland
Scottish Non-conformity
Ireland
Non-conformity in Ireland
Channel Islands
The Isle of Man
CHAPTER 8. Wills and Probate Documents
HOW TO …
Historical Background
The Process of Writing a Will
Probate Inventories
Intestacy and Letters of Administration
Changes to Probate in England and Wales in 1858
Proving Wills Prior to 1858
Archdeaconry Courts
Diocesan Courts
Peculiar Parishes
The Prerogative Courts of Canterbury and York
USEFUL INFO
Possible Difficulties in Locating Wills. Variant or misspelled names in indexes
Probate was granted late
Probate granted in another jurisdiction
Wills not formally proved
No will made
Testator died overseas
Locating a Registered Will Prior to 1858
www.origins.net
The Society of Genealogists
Local Wills Indexes Online
Death Duty Registers
CASE STUDY. Jeremy Clarkson
Probate Records Post 1858
Searching for a Will Locally
Probate Records in Scotland
Probate Records for Ireland
Records for the Channel Islands
Manx Probate Records
SECTION THREE. Areas of Family History
CHAPTER 9. Military Ancestors: The British Army
A Brief History of the British Army
The Organization and Hierarchy of the British Army
Army Ranks
Service Records Prior to 1660
Individual Army Records Post 1660
Officer Records 1660–1913
Army Lists
USEFUL INFO
Service Records of Officers
Further Records Providing Personal Information
Records for Other Ranks
Service Records
Other Records at The National Archives
Other Relevant Records for Soldiers
Pay Lists and Muster Rolls
Army Records for the First World War
Officer Service Records
Service Records for Other Ranks
CASE STUDY. Ian Hislop
Medal Rolls
Service Records Post First World War
The British Indian Army
British Indian Army Officer Records
Other Rank Records
USEFUL INFO
Militia Records
Tudor and Stuart Militia Records
Militia Records 1757–1914
Militia Lists 1757–1831
Records at The National Archives
Volunteer Organizations
USEFUL INFO
Tracing a Campaign. Battalion War Diaries
Operational Records
Muster Rolls
Published Regimental Histories
War Histories
Regimental Museums
Private Accounts
Life in the Army. National Army Museum
Imperial War Museum
War Dead
Office of National Statistics’ Lists
Memorials
Obituaries
Visiting Battlefields
CHAPTER 10. Military Ancestors: The Royal Navy
A Brief History of the Royal Navy
Individual Navy Service Records
Officer Records Pre 1660
Officer Records Post 1660
Published Sources
Original Service Records
Naval Records for Ratings
Naval Rating Records Prior to 1853
Naval Ratings’ Service Records Post 1853
USEFUL INFO
USEFUL INFO
Naval Pension Records
Officers’ Pension Records
CASE STUDY. Robert Lindsay
Royal Naval Reserve and Auxiliary Forces
The Sea Fencibles
Royal Naval Reserve
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
Royal Naval Division
Women’s Royal Naval Service
Royal Naval Dockyards
Medal Rolls
Admiralty Records
USEFUL INFO
Searching in Other Archives
CHAPTER 11. Military Ancestors: The Royal Marines
A Brief History of the Royal Marines
Service Records for Officers
Records Prior to 1793
Service Records 1793 to 1925
USEFUL INFO
Warrant Officers
Records for Other Ranks
Service Records for Other Ranks
Finding your Ancestor’s Marines Division
Medals Awarded to Royal Marines
Pension and Casualty Records
SUMMARY
Royal Marine Genealogical Information
CHAPTER 12. Military Ancestors: The Royal Air Force
A Brief History of the RAF
USEFUL INFO
Officers’ Service Records. RFC Officers’ Records
RNAS Officers’ Records
USEFUL INFO
RAF Officers’ Records
USEFUL INFO
Airmen’s Service Records. RFC Airmen’s Records
RNAS Airmen’s Records
Other RAF Records. Accident Reports
Records of Prisoners of War
Courts Martial Records
RAF Airmen’s Records
Births, Marriages and Deaths in Service
CASE STUDY. Julian Clary
The Women’s Royal Air Force and Women’s Auxiliary Air Force
Medals and Awards
USEFUL INFO
Operational Record Books (ORBs)
Finding Out More
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 13. Occupations: The Merchant Navy
Service Records Prior to 1835
Crew Lists
USEFUL INFO
Merchant Navy Records From 1835
Apprenticeship Records, 1824–1953
Crew Lists and Agreements
USEFUL INFO
Service Records of Merchant Navy Personnel
Officers’ Service Records
Records of Seamen’s Service
Medals Awarded
Gallantry Medals
Medals Awarded for the First World War
Medals Awarded for the Second World War
The Lloyd’s Marine Collection
CASE STUDY. Amanda Redman pt 1
Births, Marriages and Deaths at Sea
USEFUL INFO
Deaths of Seamen
Marine Records of the East India Company
HOW TO …
Births, Marriages and Deaths of Passengers, 1854–91
Combined Registers of Passengers and Seamen, 1891–1964
CHAPTER 14. Occupations: The Sea
Coastguards
USEFUL INFO
Service Records for the Preventative Forces and the Coastguard Services
Preventative Forces’ Records
Service Records for the Coastguard
Other Coastguard Records
Coastguard Pensions
Miscellaneous Documents
USEFUL INFO
Customs and Excisemen
USEFUL INFO
Records of HM Customs and Excise
Custom Officials in England and Wales
CASE EXAMPLE
Excise Officers
Customs and Excise Records in Scotland
Fishermen
Fishing Apprentices
CASE STUDY. Amanda Redman pt 2
Dockyards and Shipyards
Royal Naval Dockyards
Shipyards
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 15. Occupations: Mining
A Brief History of Mining in Britain
Tin and Copper Mining
USEFUL INFO
Coal Mining
Mining and Miners’ Records
HOW TO …
Mining Records Held in Regional Record Offices
USEFUL INFO
The National Archives
Mining Records Held at Major Archives
Mining Records Office
Mining Museums
CASE STUDY. Lesley Garrett pt 1
USEFUL INFO
Mining Disasters
Labour Movements and Trade Unions
USEFUL INFO
Finding Out More
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 16. Occupations: Factories, Foundries and Mills
Historical Context
USEFUL INFO
Tracing Your Industrial Ancestors
CASE EXAMPLE
Locating Surviving Company Records
USEFUL INFO
Industrialist Ancestors
Regional Industry Archives
National Archives
Specialist Museums
Derwent Valley Mills
The Weaver’s Triangle
Leeds Industrial Museum
Bradford Industrial Museum
Ironbridge Gorge
Manchester Museums
CASE STUDY. Jane Horrocks
The Black Country Living Museum
USEFUL INFO
National Wool Museum, Carmarthenshire
Ulster Folk and Transport Museum
Industrial Unrest and Labour Movements
Political Movements
USEFUL INFO
Trade Union Records
USEFUL INFO
Finding Out More
CHAPTER 17. Occupations: Travel and Communications
Historical Context
USEFUL INFO
Roads and Turnpikes
Turnpike Records
USEFUL INFO
Post Office Records
The Post Office
Canals and Inland Waterways
USEFUL INFO
Railway Records
Employee Records
CASE STUDY. Griff Rhys Jones
HOW TO …
CASE STUDY. Sue Johnston
Railway Police Records
Accident Reports
Other Resources
Finding Out More
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 18. Occupations: Farming and Agricultural Labourers
Historical Context
Poverty and Famine
Corn Laws
USEFUL INFO
Agricultural Life Collections
Rural Life Museums and Archives
The Museum of English Rural Life (MERL)
St Fagan’s National History Museum
Scottish Life Archive
The Ulster Folk and Transport Museum
The Irish Agricultural Museum
CASE STUDY. David Tennant
The Mills Archive
Researching Agricultural Communities
Manorial and Estate Records
Tithe Records
Enclosure Maps
Tithes in Ireland
Farm Surveys
Agricultural Disasters and Crises
The Swing Riots
USEFUL INFO
The Highland Clearances
The Great Irish Famine
USEFUL INFO
Finding Out More
CHAPTER 19. Occupations: Professional Classes – Private Sector
USEFUL INFO
Businesses – Records and Repositories
Company Registration Papers
Bankruptcy and Insolvent Debtors
CASE EXAMPLE
Bankruptcy Records
USEFUL INFO
Merchants
CASE STUDY. Nigella Lawson
Bankers
Accountants
USEFUL INFO
Insurance and Insurance Agents
USEFUL INFO
The Legal Profession
Records for Lawyers in England and Wales
Records for Lawyers in Scotland
Records for Lawyers in Ireland
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 20. Occupations: Professional Classes – Public Sector
Civil Servants and Government Officials
CASE STUDY. John Hurt
Police
CASE EXAMPLE
USEFUL INFO
Medical Professions
Nurses
Apothecaries and Chemists
CASE EXAMPLE
Dentists
Physicians
Teachers
Teachers in England and Wales
SUMMARY
Teachers in Scotland
Teachers in Ireland
Clergymen
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 21. Occupations: Trades and Crafts
Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship Records
Records at The National Archives
The Society of Genealogists
Records in Other Archives
Guilds and Livery Companies
Records of Guilds and Livery Companies
Records Held at the London Guildhall Library
CASE STUDY. Natasha Kaplinsky
Records for Outside London
Freemasonry
Records for Apprenticeships and Guilds in Scotland and Ireland. Scotland
Ireland
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 22. Migration: Immigration
Records for Immigrants Arriving in the United Kingdom
Records Prior to 1793
USEFUL INFO
Immigration Records Post 1793
Twentieth-century Alien Records
USEFUL INFO
Communities Arriving Due to the Second World War
Internee Records
Prisoner of War Records
Arrival Records of Immigrants
Inward Passenger Lists
Jewish Immigration
USEFUL INFO
USEFUL INFO
Immigrants from Commonwealth Countries
CASE STUDY. Colin Jackson
HOW TO…
Denization and Naturalization
Denization Records
Naturalization Records
USEFUL INFO
Losing British Citizenship
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 23. Migration: Emigration
Historical Background to Emigration
USEFUL INFO
Emigrant Passenger Lists
Emigrant Records Found in the United Kingdom
Records of Passports
Transportation
Assisted Migration
Child Migration
Voluntary Migration/Free Settlers
Records for Migrants to North America
USEFUL INFO
Records for Migrants to Australia
Records for Migrants to New Zealand
Records for Migrants to South Africa
Migration to Other Parts of the Empire
India
CASE STUDY. Alistair McGowan
The Caribbean
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 24. Family Secrets: Poverty and Lunacy
Historical Background to Poverty and Poor Relief
USEFUL INFO
USEFUL INFO
Original Records for Poor Relief
Early Poor Relief Sources
Elizabethan Poor Law Records
USEFUL INFO
Poor Law Amendment Act at The National Archives
Poor Relief in the Nineteenth Century
Records of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act and the Workhouse
CASE STUDY. Jeremy Paxman
Poor Relief in Scotland
Poor Relief Records in Ireland
The Mentally Ill
Records for Lunacy
Asylum Records
USEFUL INFO
Lunacy Records in Ireland and Scotland
CHAPTER 25. Family Secrets: Illegitimacy and Adoption
Historical Context
CASE EXAMPLE
Adoption and Foundlings
CASE EXAMPLE
Researching Illegitimacy
Records of Institutions
Civil Registration Certificates
Parish Records
Census Returns
Poor Law Records
USEFUL INFO
HOW TO…
Tracing Offspring of the Aristocracy
Adoption Records
USEFUL INFO
Official Adoptions
CASE EXAMPLE
Adoptions in England and Wales
Adoptions in Scotland
Adoptions in Ireland
Other Sources of Information
Unofficial Adoptions
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 26. Family Secrets: Bigamy and Divorce
Historical Context
Alternatives to Legal Divorce
USEFUL INFO
England and Wales. Divorce Before 1858
USEFUL INFO
Annulments
Divorce a mensa et thoro
Private Separations
USEFUL INFO
Divorce in England and Wales After 1858
USEFUL INFO
USEFUL INFO
Scotland. Divorce Before 1830
Divorce After 1830
USEFUL INFO
Ireland. Divorce in Ireland Before 1922
Divorce in Northern Ireland
Divorce in the Republic of Ireland
Investigating Bigamy
CASE STUDY. Vic Reeves
USEFUL INFO
CHAPTER 27. Family Secrets: Criminal Ancestors
Historical Background of the Legal System
CASE STUDY. Lesley Garrett pt 2
Searching for Trial Records
Published Sources
Original Trial Records
Manorial Courts
Quarter/Petty Sessions’ Records
Records of the General Eyre
Assize Records
Records for Areas Outside the Remit of the Assize System
Records of the King’s (or Queen’s) Bench
Searching for Prison and Convict (Transportation) Records
Local Archive Records
Registers in The National Archives
CASE STUDY. Jeremy Irons
Transportation
Execution
USEFUL INFO
Criminal Records in Scotland
USEFUL INFO
Criminal Records in Ireland
CHAPTER 28. Social History: Working Further Back in Time
Research Tips
Manorial Records
The Manorial System
Court Rolls
Where to Find Manorial Records
Rentals, Surveys and Stewards’ Accounts
Crown Records
Feudal Rights of the Crown
Inquisitions Post Mortem
Inquisitions Ad Quod Damnum
Wardship
Taxation
Civil Court Records
Enrolment and State Papers
Equity Court Records
Records for Proceedings
Common Law Court Records
Plea Rolls
Judgment Records
Civil Cases in Assize Trials
Supreme Court of Judicature
Evidence: Depositions, Interrogatories and Affidavits
Evidence: Masters Exhibits
Judgment: Decrees and Orders
Supreme Court of Judicature Post 1875
Tracing Aristocratic Roots
CASE STUDY. Matthew Pinsent
SECTION FOUR. Troubleshooting Guides
Chart 1: Army Service Records, First World War
Chart 2: Army Service Medals, First World War
Chart 3: Early Army Service Records
Chart 4: Naval Service Records
Chart 5: Merchant Seamen Service Records
Chart 6: Royal Marine Service Records
Chart 7: RAF Service Records
Chart 8: Immigration
Chart 9: Emigration
SECTION FIVE. Key Resources
Origins and Meanings of Popular Surnames
Top 100 Surnames from 1881
Top 100 Surnames from 1998
Definitions of Historic Occupations
Occupation Meanings
Genetic Genealogy
DNA Testing
CASE EXAMPLE
Social Network Sites
KEY RESOURCES
National Archive Profiles. The National Archives (TNA)
Key Collections
National Archives of Scotland (NAS)
Key Collections
National Library of Wales (NLW)
Key Collections
National Archives of Ireland (NAI)
Key Collections
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI)
Key Collections
Useful Website Addresses
Index
Acknowledgements. Book
Television Series
About the Author
Copyright
About the Publisher
