Asian America

Оглавление

Pawan Dhingra. Asian America

CONTENTS

Guide

List of Tables

Pages

Dedication

Asian America

Foreword and Acknowledgments

1Introduction

Who are Asian Americans?

Discussion question

Defining terms

Sociological and interdisciplinary approaches

Inequalities, institutions, and identities

Discussion questions

Race, culture, and power

Discussion question

Perspectives on Asian America

Assimilation theory

Diverse modes of incorporation

Racial formation theory

Pan-ethnicity

Global political economy

A case study of theoretical convergence

Studying Asian America

How to read this book

Notes

2Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality

Defining race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality

Race as a social construction

Durability of race

Ethnicity

Ethnicity versus race

Discussion questions

Gender as social construction

Sexuality as social construction

Sexuality and heteronormativity

Sexuality and intersections of race and gender

From social constructions to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

Institutional discrimination

Ideologies and oppression

Privilege

Class exercise

Asian Americans as racial, ethnic, gender, and sexual minorities

Black–white binary

The “yellow peril”

Gender and sexual constructions of the “yellow peril”

The “model minority”

Gender and sexual constructions of the “model minority”

“Yellow peril” and “model minority” stereotypes in tandem

Discussion questions

Reality versus stereotypes

Real impact of social constructions

Immigration law

Racial profiling

Hate crimes

Conclusion

Discussion question

Notes

3Arrival and History

Class exercise:

Sociological approaches to immigration

Inter-country disparities

Multilevel connections

Migration policies

Race, labor, empire, and immigration

The old period of immigration: the industrial revolution and the rise of the US empire

Chinese immigration

Class exercise

Japanese immigration

Methodological insights

Filipinx immigration

Indian and Korean immigration

The Immigration Act of 1924

Asians as “forever foreign”

The “Intermediate Period,” 1943–1965

World War II and the differential inclusion and exclusion of Asian groups

Class exercise

The Cold War and new forms of migration

The end of racial exclusions

From “yellow peril” to “model minority”?

The birth of “Asian America”

Post-1965 immigration period

The resurgence of the “yellow peril” and immigration restriction in the twenty-first century

Conclusion

Class exercise

Notes

4Media and Popular Culture

The sociology of media

Class exercise

The media and representations of race

Media as an industry

The media, race, and community formation

From “yellow peril” to “model minority”: representations of Asian Americans historically

Early Asian immigration and the Chinese “yellow peril”

The United States’ “enemies” abroad

The beginnings of the “model minority” myth

“Color-blindness” and the “model minority” myth

The “technically competent” Asian

The “yellow peril” persists

Gender, sexuality, and the representation of Asian Americans

Progressive developments in mainstream media?

Perspectives on the industry from Asian-American actors

Asian-American filmmakers in Hollywood: limits and possibilities

New media frontiers? Digital media and the internet

Class exercise

Asian Americans in the media industry

Asian-American journalists: making a difference in reporting?

Responding to mainstream media: (re)presenting Asian America

Ethnic newspapers

Independent filmmaking

Other forms of popular culture

Asian Americans in music

Asian-American transnational pop cultures

Competing perspectives on Asian-American culture

Conclusion

Discussion question

Notes

5Identity

Identity development. Psychological approaches to identity development

Sociological approaches to identity development

Racial/ethnic identity

Identity work

Identity salience

Discussion question

Strong ethnic identities

Cultural pulls to identities

Cultural institutions/organizations

Racialized categorization

Shared interests

Weak ethnic identities

Cultural assimilation and weak institutional ties

Weak interests in ethnic boundaries

Categorization and weak ethnic ties

Pan-ethnic and racial identities

Discussion question

Multi-ethnic and adoptee identities

Balancing multiple identities

Conclusion

Discussion question

Notes

6Belonging and Exclusion

Asian Americans as foreigners

Legal citizenship

Limited access to legal citizenship

Refugee status

The process of legal citizenship

Undocumented immigrants

Deportations and detentions

Discussion question

Social citizenship

Limitations to public assistance

Cultural citizenship

Language

Religion

Pan-ethnic churches

Religious practices in daily life

Asian religion in western consciousness

Customs

Cultural organizations as cultural citizens

Discussion questions

Transnational connections

Conclusion

Discussion questions

Notes

7Interracial Relations

Group formation (Re)defining terms

The definition of pan-ethnic groups

Pan-ethnic mistreatment and responses

Pan-ethnic identities in the new second generation

Tensions within “Asian America”

Discussion question

Racial and historical difference

Class, ethnic, and religious differences

Transnationalism

Methodological insights

Expanding “Asian America”

Interracial conflict

Interracial connections

Conclusion

Notes

8Class and Work Lives

Income

Occupations

Poverty

Analyzing class status

Professionals

Finding employment

Income inequality

Projections in the future

“Bamboo ceiling”

Class exercise

Multiple implications of race

Cultural pulls and pushes

Immigration law and professional employment

Methodological insights

Occupational outcomes and national origins

Responses to occupational challenges

Laborers

Methodological insights

Finding work

Employer preferences

Gendered labor market

Contrasting experiences in the jobs

Working for non-co-ethnics

Class exercise

Small-business owners

Motivations for small-business ownership

Resources for entrepreneurship

Asian-American heterogeneity

Opportunities for small-business ownership

Tensions and racialized subjugations

The poor

Unemployment

Welfare assistance and lack thereof

Conclusion

Discussion questions

Notes

9Education

Asian Americans’ educational achievements and struggles

Explaining Asian Americans’ outcomes

Cultural explanations and their limits

Parenting styles

Financial and cultural resources

Community and structural factors

Attitudes towards school

Gendered perspectives on education

Discussion question

Schools’ racial logics

Class exercise

Children’s motivations and struggles

Mental health challenges within the so-called model minority

Parenting styles, peer relations, and self-esteem

English-language difficulties

Struggling to find help

Everyday racism

International students

Possible quotas and affirmative action

Asian Americans and the affirmative action debate

Discussion question

Class exercise

Asian American Studies and the Asian-American movement

The Third World Liberation Front

Formation of Asian American Studies

Conclusion

Discussion questions

Notes

10Family and Intimate Relations

Intermarriage and heterogeneity

Acculturation

Shared educational backgrounds

Ethnic differences

Intermarriage, ethnicity, pan-ethnicity, and race. Co-ethnic marriages

Pan-ethnic marriages

Marital preferences and structural approaches to marriage

Gendered patterns

Intermarriage and war

Inter-minority marriages

Multiple interpretations

Discussion question

Under-recognized gay/lesbian relationships

Asia and homosexuality

Identity choices and constraints

Gay representations and relationships

Lesbian representations and relationships

Asian-American gay/lesbian rights and resistance

Discussion question

Transnational, transracial adoption

Racialized constructions of TTA

Adopted children and ethnic identities

Domestic challenges

Intimate partner abuse

Causes of abuse

Hiding abuse

Intergenerational relations

Cultural gaps

Family pressures of class, race, and sexuality

Transnational families

Transnational divides

Transnational marriages

Conclusion

Methodological insights

Discussion question

Notes

11Social Movements and Politics

Asian Americans in social movements. Structural inequalities and collective identity

Political opportunity structures and resources

Discussion question

Asian Americans in the labor movement: a case study

Early labor struggles: ethnic-specific organizing

The beginnings of cross-ethnic organizing

Applying social movement theory to Asian-American labor organizing

Asian Americans in the trade union movement

Independent labor organizations

Organizing against co-ethnic employers

Beyond labor movements

Electoral politics

Asian Americans in office and voting behavior

Naturalization and voters

Impact of Asian-American voter turnout

Residential segregation and elections

Campaign financing

Political ideologies

Asian-American institutions

View from “the other side”: whites and policies related to race

Transnational politics

Homeland politics

The history of homeland politics

Conclusion

Discussion question

Notes

References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Отрывок из книги

P.D.: For my children, a part of Asian America I continually learn from.

R.R.: For my son, Amado. It is because of you that books like these are important.

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Racism is allowed to continue because racial ideologies make it socially permissible. For instance, even an ideology of “color-blindness,” which seems to downplay the relevance of race, limits minorities (Bonilla-Silva 2003; Omi and Winant 1994). It suggests that we should be “blind” to race, should ignore it, and that the real problem is those who keep talking about it as well as programs like affirmative action. So, minorities who complain about racism become blamed for perpetuating racial differences. Indeed, some might suggest that since the United States has elected the first African-American president that it has truly achieved a post-racial, color-blind society. However, sociologists and other scholarly critics point out that even with his election, race continued to organize American life and cannot be ignored (Okamura 2011). The election of Donald Trump immediately following that of Barak Obama suggests that racial progress is not a linear trajectory and, instead, entails significant pushback. Hate crimes in 2019 were at a sixteen-year high, even before the backlash from COVID-19 and the xenophobic rhetoric from political leaders.5

The racial formation perspective helps explain trends that assimilation theory either cannot or that it overlooks. For instance, even as more minorities appear on television, they remain in often stereotypical depictions (Davé, Nishime, and Oren 2005). People’s attitudes about race might have become more benevolent, therefore supporting assimilation theory assumptions about a merit-based United States, but that does not mean that minorities have ample opportunities. The US prison population has become overwhelmingly black and brown compared to the general population, for example, and not because those populations started committing more and more crime (Alexander 2010). Meanwhile, even as Asian Americans and Latinxs have become more welcome within urban development, welfare laws discriminate against immigrants (Fujiwara 2008). Nor is this mistreatment relegated to poor immigrants. Wealthy Asian Americans experience barriers to full inclusion due to racist and/or culturally prejudiced attitudes from the majority. Even when Asian Americans achieve, they experience a white supremacy in their residences, school systems, and elsewhere (Cheng 2013; Dhingra 2020). According to this perspective, middle-class Asian Americans are “a part” of the mainstream but “apart” from it (Kibria 2002a).

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