Оглавление
Peter Bond. Exploring the Solar System
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Exploring the Solar System
Dedication
Conversion Table
Length
Area
Temperature
Speed
Volume
Introduction to the First Edition
Introduction to the Second Edition
About the Companion Website
ONE Beginnings
Wandering Stars
The Earth‐Centered Universe
Measuring Distances and Sizes
The Central Sun
Newton and Gravity
What Is A Planet?
Box 1.1 Orbits
The Solar System
The Birth of the Solar System
Box 1.2 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Rocky Planets
Box 1.3 Key Steps in the Formation of Rocky Planets (after Kenyon and Bromley)
Gas Giants and Ice Giants
Box 1.4 Mass and Density
Migrating Planets
Box 1.5 The Nice Model and Jupiter's Grand Tack
Planetary Satellites
The Heliosphere
The Future
Questions
Notes
TWO Sun
The Birth of the Sun
The Sun as a Star
The Solar Spectrum
Box 2.1 Solar Eclipses
Nuclear Fusion
The Structure of the Sun
The Core and the Radiative Zone
The Interface Layer (Tachocline)
The Convective Zone
Box 2.2 Helioseismology
The Photosphere
The Chromosphere
Spicules
The Transition Region
The Corona
Coronal Heating
The Magnetic Sun
Sunspots
Sunspot Cycles
Solar Wind
Box 2.3 SOHO
Flares
Box 2.4 Ulysses
Classification of Solar Flares
Coronal Mass Ejections
Box 2.5 Space‐based Solar Observatories
The Sun's Future
Questions
Notes
THREE Earth
Orbit and Rotation
Seasons
Surface Temperature
Atmosphere
Box 3.1 Earth Observation Satellites
Troposphere
The Ozone Hole
Upper Atmosphere
Atmospheric Circulation
Zonal Winds
Tropical Cyclones
Ocean Currents
El Niño and La Niña
Monsoons
Ice Ages
Box 3.2 Radar
Climate Change
Size and Density
Interior
Surface Features
Plate Tectonics
Box 3.3 Flat Earth or Round Earth?
Volcanoes
Mountains
The Blue Planet
Deserts
Biosphere
Box 3.4 The Story of Life
Impacts
Extinctions
Magnetic Field
Box 3.5 Tides
Questions
Notes
FOUR 4 The Moon
Phases
Lunar Eclipses
Day and Night on the Moon
Physical Characteristics
Near Side, Far Side
Box 4.1 Lunar Exploration
Major Impact Basins
Maria
Mare Rocks
Highlands
Lunar Craters
Box 4.2 Impact Craters
Volcanic Domes and Pyroclastics
Sinuous Rilles
Linear Rilles
Box 4.3 Dating the Moon
Present‐day Volcanism?
Regolith and Moon Dust
Internal Structure
Magnetic Fields
Box 4.4 Lunar X‐rays
Surface Resources
Lunar Water
Atmosphere
Geological History
Box 4.5 Lunar Meteorites
The Birth of the Moon
Box 4.6 Apollo Experiments
Questions
Notes
FIVE 5 Mercury
Apparitions of Mercury
Orbit
Phases
Transits
Spin‐Orbit Resonance
Two‐Year Days and Double Sunsets
Hot Spots
Surface Observations
Size, Mass, and Density
The Iron Planet
Box 5.1 Mariner 10
Origin
Magnetic Mercury
A Varied Surface
Surface History
Impact Craters
Impact Basins
Caloris Basin
Volcanism and Hollows
Lobate Scarps and Global Contraction
Polar Ice?
Atmosphere
Box 5.2 Missions to Mercury
Questions
Notes
SIX Venus
Orbit and Size
Phases
Transits
Rotation Period
Atmospheric Composition
Runaway Greenhouse
Acid Clouds
Atmospheric Circulation and Super‐rotation
Polar Vortices and Gravity Waves
Physical Characteristics
The Hidden Surface
Box 6.1 The Vega Balloons
Ishtar Terra
Aphrodite Terra
Weathering and Erosion
Impact Craters
Volcanic Activity
Box 6.2 Revealing Radar
Coronae and Arachnoids
Tectonics
Box 6.3 The Venera Landers
A One Plate Planet?
Magnetic Field
Box 6.4 Pioneer Venus
Box 6.5 Magellan
Questions
Notes
SEVEN Mars
Sols and Seasons
Physical Characteristics
Interior
Box 7.1 The Martian Calendar
Impact Features
North–South Divide
Box 7.2 Dating Mars
Tectonics
Volcanism
Tharsis Giants
Valles Marineris
Plains
Polar Regions
Permafrost
Pedestal Craters
Glaciation
Outflow Channels
Valley Networks, Lakes, and Deltas
Unexplained Gullies
A Mars Ocean?
Hydrated Compounds
A Windblown Desert
Box 7.3 Curiosity in Gale Crater
Dust Storms
Dust Devils
Atmosphere
Box 7.4 The Vikings
Magnetic Field
Solar Wind Interaction
Auroras
Meteorites from Mars
Box 7.5 The Methane Mystery
Life on Mars?
Phobos and Deimos
Box 7.6 Mars Orbiters
Box 7.7 The Mars Exploration Rovers
Questions
Notes
EIGHT Jupiter
Orbit and Physical Characteristics
Zones and Belts
Box 8.1 Mass and Weight
Atmospheric Composition
The Great Red Spot
Merging Storms
Red Junior
Turbulent Poles
Interior
Box 8.2 Metallic Hydrogen
Magnetic Field
Jupiter's Auroras and Io
The Galilean Moons
Io
Box 8.3 Ocean Worlds
Europa
Box 8.4 Voyagers at Jupiter
Ganymede
Callisto
Box 8.5 Birth of the Jovian Satellites
Inner Satellites
Box 8.6 The Galileo Mission
Outer Satellites
Jupiter's Rings
Questions
Notes
NINE Saturn
Winds and Cloud Bands
Cloud Decks
Box 9.1 How Fast Does Saturn Spin?
Saturn Storms
Polar Hot Spots and a Hexagon
Interior
Magnetic Field
Auroras and Radiation Belts
Discovering Saturn's Rings
Box 9.2 Voyagers at Saturn
Multiple Rings
A and B Rings
Spokes
C and D Rings
F Ring
Box 9.3 Cassini
Outer Rings
Satellites
Orange Titan
Chemical Factory
Seasonal Changes
Methane Clouds
Rivers and Lakes
Dunes, Mountains, Volcanoes, and Craters
Tiger Stripes on Enceladus
Box 9.4 Huygens
Box 9.5 Formation of Saturn's Moons
Other Major Moons
Spongy Hyperion
Two‐Toned Iapetus
Phoebe
Small Satellites
Questions
Notes
TEN Uranus
Discovery
The Seventh Planet
Atmosphere
Clouds and Storms
Interior
Missing Heat
Magnetic Surprise
Box 10.1 Voyager 2
Major Satellites
Miranda
Rings
Box 10.2 Discovering Uranus' Rings
Chaotic Inner Moons
Remote Moons
Box 10.3 Naming the Moons of Uranus
Questions
Notes
ELEVEN Neptune
The Eighth Planet
Box 11.1 Voyager 2's Grand Finale
Atmosphere
Interior
Magnetic Field
Triton
Small Satellites
Rings and Arcs
Questions
Notes
TWELVE Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
The Edgeworth‐Kuiper Belt
The Classification of Kuiper Belt Objects
Surfaces
The Largest KBOs
Box 12.1 Dwarf Planets
Peculiar KBOs
Box 12.2 Measuring the Size of a KBO
Binaries
Box 12.3 The Search for Planet X
Puzzling Pluto – Key to the Kuiper Belt
Box 12.4 Pluto's Eclipse Season
Orbit
Seasons
Pluto's Surface Ices
Pluto's Icy Heart
Box 12.5 New Horizons
Sputnik Planitia and Pluto's Reorientation
Interior
Pluto's Atmosphere
Charon
Pluto's Smaller Satellites
The Origin of the Pluto System
Box 12.6 Planet Nine?
Questions
Notes
THIRTEEN Comets, Asteroids, and Meteorites
Box 13.1 Naming Asteroids
Asteroid Origins
Impacts and Rubble
Box 13.2 Asteroid Classes
Asteroid Families and Kirkwood Gaps
Asteroid Moons
Box 13.3 Sample Return Missions
Ceres
Box 13.4 Solar‐Powered Asteroids
Vesta
Other Large Asteroids
Box 13.5 Dawn
Trojan Asteroids
Box 13.6 NEAR‐Shoemaker at Eros
Near‐Earth Asteroids
Box 13.7 The Torino and Palermo Scales
The Impact Threat to Earth
Tunguska
Box 13.8 Saving Earth
Meteorites
The Origin of Meteorites
Types of Meteorites
Meteorites from the Moon and Mars
Meteors
Box 13.9 Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites
Long‐Haired Stars
Icy Dirtballs or Dirty Snowballs?
Box 13.10 Giotto
Comet 67P Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Box 13.11 Rosetta and Philae
Breaking Up Is Easy To Do
Centaurs
Comet or Asteroid?
Main Belt Comets
Sungrazing Comets
The Riddle of Stardust
Box 13.12 Naming Comets
Box 13.13 Deep Impact
Periodic Comets
The Oort Cloud
Box 13.14 'Oumuamua, An Interstellar Intruder
Questions
Notes
FOURTEEN Exoplanets
Box 14.1 Pulsar Planets
Beta Pictoris
Dusty Disks
Disk Evolution and Exoplanet Formation
Brown Dwarfs or Exoplanets?
Detecting Exoplanets: Radial Velocity
Box 14.2 How Normal is Our Solar System?
Transits
Direct Imaging
Astrometry
Gravitational Microlensing
Weird Worlds
Box 14.3 Exoplanet Surveys
Hot Jupiters
Earth‐Like Planets and Super‐Earths
Multi‐Planet Systems
Box 14.4 The TRAPPIST‐1 System
Exoplanet Moons
Box 14.5 The Drake Equation
Alien Life?
SETI
Questions
Notes
Appendices. Appendix 1: Planetary Data
Appendix 2: Satellite Data
Appendix 3: Planetary Rings
Appendix 4: The Largest Known Trans‐Neptunian Objects
Appendix 5: Lunar and Planetary Missions
Appendix 6: Lunar and Planetary Firsts
Glossary
Further Reading. General
Chapter 1: Beginnings
Chapter 2: The Sun
Chapter 3: Earth
Chapter 4: The Moon
Chapter 5: Mercury
Chapter 6: Venus
Chapter 7: Mars
Chapter 8: Jupiter
Chapter 9: Saturn
Chapter 10: Uranus
Chapter 11: Neptune
Chapter 12: Pluto & Kuiper Belt
Chapter 13: Comets, Asteroids and Meteorites
Chapter 14: Exoplanets
Index
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