Оглавление
Ramon Ferrús. Smart Grid Telecommunications
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Smart Grid Telecommunications. Fundamentals and Technologies in the 5G Era
Author Biographies
Preface
Acronyms
1 The Smart Grid : A General Perspective. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electric Power Systems
1.2.1 Electricity
1.2.1.1 Frequency and Voltage
1.2.2 The Grid
1.2.2.1 The Grid from a Technical Perspective
1.2.2.1.1 Generation. 1.2.2.1.1.1 Traditional Power Generation
1.2.2.1.1.2 Distributed Generation/Distributed Energy Resources
1.2.2.1.2 Transmission
1.2.2.1.3 Distribution
1.2.2.1.4 Consumption Points
1.2.2.2 The Grid from a Regulatory Perspective
1.2.2.2.1 Regulatory Models
1.2.2.2.2 Transmission and Distribution Regulation
1.2.3 Grid Operations
1.2.4 The Grid Assets
1.2.4.1 Substations
1.2.4.2 Power Lines
1.3 A Practical Definition of the Smart Grid
1.4 Why Telecommunications Are Instrumental for the Smart Grid
1.5 Challenges of the Smart Grid in Connection with Telecommunications
1.5.1 Customer Engagement Challenges
1.5.1.1 Customers as Smart Electricity Consumers
1.5.1.2 Customers as Energy Generators
1.5.2 Grid Control Challenges
1.6 Challenges of Telecommunications for Smart Grids
1.6.1 Telecommunication Solutions for Smart Grids
1.6.2 Standards for Telecommunications for Smart Grids
1.6.3 Groups of Interest Within Telecommunications for Smart Grids
1.6.4 Locations to be Served with Telecommunications
1.6.5 Telecommunication Services Control
1.6.6 Environmental Conditions
1.6.7 Distributed Intelligence
1.6.8 Resilient Telecommunication Networks and Services
1.6.9 Telecommunications Special Solution for Utilities
References
Notes
2 Telecommunication Networks and Systems Concepts. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Telecommunication Networks, Systems, and Services Definitions
2.3 Telecommunication Model and Services. 2.3.1 Telecommunication Model
2.3.2 Analog and Digital Telecommunications
2.3.3 Types of Telecommunications Services
2.4 Telecommunication Networks
2.4.1 Network Topologies
2.4.2 Transport and Switching/Routing Functions
2.4.3 Circuit‐switched and Packet‐switched Networks
2.4.3.1 Circuit‐switched Technologies
2.4.3.2 Packet‐switched Technology
2.4.3.3 Multilayered Telecommunication Networks
2.4.4 Telecommunications Networks and Computing
2.5 Protocol Architectures for Telecommunication Networks
2.5.1 Why a Protocol Layered Model Is Needed
2.5.2 The OSI Model
2.5.3 The TCP/IP Protocol Stack
2.5.4 User, Control, and Management Planes
2.6 Transmission Media in Telecommunications for Smart Grids
2.6.1 Optical Fibers
2.6.1.1 Optical Fiber Cables for Smart Grids
2.6.1.2 Optical Fiber Cables Specifications
2.6.1.2.1 Optical Core
2.6.1.2.2 Cable Strength Members and Sheaths
2.6.1.2.3 Cable Specifications and Tests
2.6.1.2.4 Cable‐laying Operation
2.6.2 Radio Spectrum
2.6.2.1 Radio Spectrum for Utility Telecommunications
2.6.2.2 Radio Spectrum Use
2.7 Electricity Cables
2.7.1 PLC Use
References
3 Telecommunication Fundamental Concepts. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Signals. 3.2.1 Analog vs. Digital
3.2.1.1 Continuous vs. Discrete
3.2.1.2 Sampling
3.2.1.3 Quantizing and Coding
3.2.1.4 Analog and Digital Signals
3.2.2 Frequency Representation of Signals
3.2.2.1 The Continuous‐time Fourier Transform
3.2.2.2 The Discrete‐Time Fourier Transform
3.2.3 Bandwidth
3.3 Transmission and Reception
3.3.1 Modulation
3.3.1.1 Example of a Simple Analog Modulation: Double Sideband
3.3.1.2 Example of a Simple Digital Modulation: Quadrature‐Phase Shift Keying
3.3.2 Channel Impairments
3.3.2.1 Attenuation
3.3.2.2 Noise and Interference
3.3.2.3 Signal Distortion
3.3.3 Demodulation, Equalization, and Detection
3.3.3.1 Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio and Bit Error Rate
3.3.3.2 Channel Equalization
3.3.4 Multiplexing
3.3.5 Channel Coding
3.3.5.1 A Simple Example of Coding
3.3.5.2 Interleaving
3.3.5.3 Advanced Coding Techniques
3.3.5.4 Channel Coding in Multicarrier Modulations
3.3.6 Duplexing
3.3.7 Multiple Access
3.3.7.1 TDMA/FDMA/CDMA/OFDMA
3.3.7.2 Multiple Access Methods. 3.3.7.2.1 Master/Slave
3.3.7.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (Collision Avoidance/Collision Detection)
3.4 Signal Propagation
3.4.1 Optical Fiber Propagation
3.4.1.1 Optical Communications Components
3.4.1.2 Optical Fiber Propagation Phenomena
3.4.2 Radio Propagation
3.4.2.1 Antennas
3.4.2.2 Array Antennas and Beamforming
3.4.2.3 Free‐space Propagation Phenomena
3.4.3 Link Budget
References
Notes
4 Transport, Switching, and Routing Technologies. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transport Networks
4.2.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
4.2.2 SDH/SONET
4.2.3 DWDM
4.2.4 Optical Transport Network (OTN)
4.3 Switching and Routing. 4.3.1 Switching Principles
4.3.1.1 Switching Process
4.3.1.2 Solving Switching Loops: Spanning Tree Protocol
4.3.2 Routing Principles
4.3.2.1 Routing Classification
4.3.2.2 Routing Metrics
4.3.2.3 Autonomous Systems
4.3.2.4 Routing Algorithms
4.3.2.4.1 Distance‐Vector Algorithm
4.3.2.4.2 Link‐State Algorithm
4.3.2.4.3 Path‐Vector Algorithm
4.3.2.5 Routing Protocols
4.3.2.5.1 Routing Information Protocol
4.3.2.5.2 Open Shortest Path First
4.3.2.5.3 Border Gateway Protocol
4.3.3 Ethernet
4.3.3.1 Carrier Ethernet
4.3.4 Internet Protocol (IP)
4.3.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
4.3.5.1 Multiprotocol Label Switching – Transport Profile (MPLS‐TP)
References
5 Smart Grid Applications and Services. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Smart Grid Applications and Their Telecommunication Needs
5.3 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
5.3.1 Components
5.3.2 Protocols
5.3.2.1 Central Infrastructure to Field Protocols
5.3.2.2 Central Infrastructure Protocols
5.4 Protection
5.5 Distribution Automation
5.5.1 Distributed Energy Resources Integration
5.5.2 Electric Vehicles Integration
5.5.3 Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration
5.5.4 Indices for Operations Performance
5.6 Substation Automation
5.7 Metering
5.8 Synchrophasors
5.9 Customers
5.9.1 Demand‐side Management
5.9.2 Energy Management
5.9.3 Microgrids
5.10 Power Lines
5.10.1 Flexible AC Transmission System
5.10.2 Dynamic Line Rating
5.11 Premises and People. 5.11.1 Business Connectivity
5.11.2 Workforce Mobility
5.11.3 Surveillance
References
Notes
6 Optical Fiber and PLC Access Technologies. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Optical Fiber Passive Network Technologies
6.2.1 Mainstream Technologies and Standards
6.2.1.1 PON Technologies Evolution
6.2.1.2 Supported Services and Applicability Scenarios
6.2.1.3 Spectrum
6.2.1.4 System Architecture
6.2.1.4.1 Splitters
6.2.1.4.2 PON Range
6.2.2 Main Capabilities and Features. 6.2.2.1 Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing
6.2.2.2 Features Needed in PONs
6.2.2.3 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
6.2.3 ITU’s GPON Family
6.2.3.1 GPON
6.2.3.2 XG(S)‐PON
6.2.3.3 NG‐PON2
6.2.4 IEEE’s EPON Family
6.2.4.1 EPON
6.2.4.2 10G‐EPON
6.3 Power Line Communication Technologies
6.3.1 Mainstream Technologies and Standards
6.3.1.1 PLC Technologies Evolution
6.3.1.2 Supported Services and Applicability Scenarios
6.3.1.2.1 Narrowband PLC
6.3.1.2.2 Broadband PLC
6.3.1.2.3 Access to PLC Services
6.3.1.3 Architecture
6.3.2 Main Capabilities and Features. 6.3.2.1 Common Transceiver Designs in PLC Systems
6.3.2.2 PLC Signal Coupling
6.3.3 Narrowband PLC Systems
6.3.3.1 ITU‐T G.9904 (PRIME v1.3)
6.3.3.1.1 ITU‐T G.9904 (PRIME v1.3): PHY Layer
6.3.3.1.2 ITU‐T G.9904 (PRIME v1.3): MAC Layer
6.3.3.2 Future ITU‐T G.9904.1 (PRIME v1.4)
6.3.3.3 ITU‐T G.9903 (G3‐PLC)
6.3.3.3.1 ITU‐T G.9903 (G3‐PLC): PHY Layer
6.3.3.3.2 ITU‐T G.9903 (G3‐PLC): MAC Layer
6.3.3.4 IEEE 1901.2
6.3.3.4.1 IEEE 1901.2: PHY Layer
6.3.3.4.2 IEEE 1901.2: MAC Layer
6.3.3.5 ITU‐T G.9902 (G.hnem)
6.3.3.5.1 ITU‐T G.9902 (G.hnem): PHY Layer
6.3.3.5.2 ITU‐T G.9902 (G.hnem): DLL Layer
6.3.4 Broadband PLC Systems
6.3.4.1 IEEE 1901
6.3.4.1.1 IEEE 1901: FFT‐OFDM PHY Layer
6.3.4.1.2 IEEE 1901: Wavelet‐OFDM PHY Layer
6.3.4.1.3 IEEE 1901: MAC Layer
6.3.4.2 ITU‐T G.996x (G.hn)
6.3.4.2.1 ITU‐T G.996x (G.hn): PHY Layer
6.3.4.2.2 ITU‐T G.996x (G.hn): MAC Layer
6.4 Applicability to Smart Grids
6.4.1 Passive vs. Active Optical Fiber Networks
6.4.2 Broadband PLC over Medium Voltage for Secondary Substation Connectivity
6.4.3 High Data Rate Narrowband PLC over the Low Voltage Grid for Smart Metering
References
Note
7 Wireless Cellular Technologies. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mainstream Technologies and Standards. 7.2.1 Cellular Technologies Evolution
7.2.1.1 1G and 2G. Voice‐centric, Circuit‐switched Services
7.2.1.2 3G. Paving the Way for Mobile Data Services
7.2.1.3 4G. The First Global Standard for Mobile Broadband
7.2.1.4 5G. Expanding the Applicability Domain of Cellular Technologies
7.2.2 Supported Services and Applicability Scenarios. 7.2.2.1 Service Categories
7.2.2.2 Performance Indicators
7.2.2.3 Commercial Networks and Private Networks
7.2.3 Spectrum
7.2.3.1 Spectrum Harmonization. IMT Bands
7.2.3.2 Frequency Bands Being Prioritized for 5G
7.2.3.3 Spectrum Exploitation Models
7.2.3.3.1 Allocation of Dedicated Spectrum for Vertical Industries
7.2.3.3.2 Use of Shared Spectrum
7.2.3.3.3 Unlicensed Spectrum Operation
7.2.4 3GPP Standardization
7.3 System Architecture. 7.3.1 High‐level Architecture of 4G/5G Systems
7.3.1.1.1 Functional Architecture and End‐to‐end Connectivity Model
7.3.1.1.2 Main Differences with Previous Generations Architectures
7.3.2 Radio Access Network
7.3.2.1 E‐UTRAN. 7.3.2.1.1 Functional Architecture
7.3.2.1.2 LTE Cells and Main Operation Principles
7.3.2.1.3 eNB Functions
7.3.2.1.4 Protocol Stacks
7.3.2.2 NG‐RAN. 7.3.2.2.1 Functional Architecture
7.3.2.2.2 NR Cells
7.3.2.2.3 Protocol Stacks
7.3.2.2.4 Flexible Functional Splits of the gNB Functionality
7.3.3 Core Network. 7.3.3.1 Evolved Packet Core
7.3.3.1.1 EPC Nodes and Main Functions
7.3.3.1.2 Protocols Used Within the EPC
7.3.3.2 5G Core Network
7.3.3.2.1 Service‐Based Architecture and UP/CP Decoupling
7.3.3.2.2 5GC Network Functions
7.3.3.2.3 Support of Network Slicing
7.3.3.2.4 RAN‐agnostic Core Network
7.3.3.3 Transitioning from 4G to 5G
7.3.4 Service Platforms
7.3.4.1 IMS and Voice Services over 4G/5G
7.3.4.2 5G Service Frameworks and Application Enablers
7.3.5 Main System Procedures
7.3.5.1 Network Registration
7.3.5.2 Service Request
7.3.5.3 PDU Session Establishment
7.3.5.4 Handover
7.4 Main Capabilities and Features
7.4.1 LTE Radio Interface
7.4.1.1 Operating Bands
7.4.1.2 Time‐frequency Resource Grid
7.4.1.3 Scheduling, Link Adaptation, and Power Control
7.4.1.4 Fast Retransmissions and Minimum Latency
7.4.1.5 Multiple‐antenna Transmission and Reception
7.4.1.6 Carrier Aggregation and Dual Connectivity
7.4.1.7 Physical Signals and Physical Channels
7.4.1.8 Mapping Between Physical, Transport, and Logical Channels
7.4.1.9 Radio Access Procedures
7.4.2 5G NR Interface
7.4.2.1 Flexible Waveform and Numerologies
7.4.2.2 Reduced Latency
7.4.2.3 Bandwidth Parts
7.4.2.4 Flexible Placement of the Control Channels
7.4.2.5 Massive MIMO and Beamforming
7.4.2.6 New Operating Bands
7.4.3 Edge Computing Support
7.4.4 QoS Parameters and Characteristics
7.4.5 Network Slicing
7.4.6 Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum
7.4.7 Private Networks
7.5 Applicability to Smart Grids
7.5.1 Smart Metering
7.5.2 Distribution Grid Multiservice Access
References
8 Wireless IoT Technologies. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mainstream Wireless IoT Technologies for the Smart Grid
8.3 IEEE 802.15.4‐based Technologies: Zigbee and Wi‐SUN. 8.3.1 Scope and Standardization
8.3.1.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
8.3.1.2 Zigbee
8.3.1.3 Wi‐SUN
8.3.2 Network and Protocol Stack Architecture
8.3.2.1 Network Components and Topologies
8.3.2.1.1 Network Topologies
8.3.2.1.2 Addressing
8.3.2.1.3 Network Formation with Mesh Topologies
8.3.2.2 Zigbee Network Architecture and Protocol Stack
8.3.2.3 Wi‐SUN FAN Network Architecture and Protocol Stack
8.3.3 Main Capabilities and Features. 8.3.3.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer
8.3.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer
8.3.3.3 Zigbee Specifics. 8.3.3.3.1 PHY and MAC Layers
8.3.3.3.2 Network Layer
8.3.3.3.3 Application Layer
8.3.3.4 Wi‐SUN FAN Specifics. 8.3.3.4.1 PHY and MAC Layers
8.3.3.4.2 Network Layer
8.4 Unlicensed Spectrum‐based LPWAN: LoRaWAN and Sigfox. 8.4.1 Scope and Standardization
8.4.2 LoRaWAN. 8.4.2.1 Network Architecture and Protocol Stack
8.4.2.2 Protocol Frame Structure
8.4.2.3 Physical Layer
8.4.2.4 MAC Layer
8.4.3 Sigfox. 8.4.3.1 Network Architecture and Protocol Stack
8.4.3.2 Protocol Frame Structure
8.4.3.3 Physical Layer
8.4.3.4 MAC Layer
8.5 Cellular IoT: LTE‐M and NB‐IoT. 8.5.1 Scope and Standardization
8.5.2 Network and Protocol Stack Architecture
8.5.2.1 New Network Attach Method and Connectivity Options
8.5.2.2 New Network Entities
8.5.2.3 Control Plane and Data Plane Optimizations
8.5.3 Main Capabilities and Features
8.5.3.1 LTE‐M Radio Access
8.5.3.1.1 Reduced Device Complexity
8.5.3.1.2 Coverage Enhancement Modes
8.5.3.1.3 Improved Device Energy Consumption and Battery Lifetime
8.5.3.1.4 Handling Large Number of Devices
8.5.3.2 NB‐IoT Radio Access
8.5.3.2.1 Further Reduced Device Complexity
8.5.3.2.2 Deployment Options
8.5.3.2.3 Physical Channels Structure
8.5.3.2.4 Operational Aspects
8.5.3.3 Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum
8.5.3.4 LTE‐M and NB‐IoT Roadmap in 5G
8.6 IoT Application and Management Layer Protocols
8.6.1 CoAP
8.6.2 MQTT
8.6.3 OMA LwM2M
8.7 Applicability to Smart Grids
8.7.1 Great Britain Smart Metering System
8.7.2 Unlicensed Spectrum‐based LPWAN Technologies for Smart Metering
References
Note
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