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Thomas Henry Huxley. Discourses: Biological & Geological
Discourses: Biological & Geological
Table of Contents
PREFACE
T.H. HUXLEY. HODESLEA, EASTBOURNE,
I
II. THE PROBLEMS OF THE DEEP SEA [1878] III. ON SOME OF THE RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION OF H.M.S. "CHALLENGER" [1875] IV. YEAST [1871] V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
I
ON A PIECE OF CHALK
II
THE PROBLEMS OF THE DEEP SEA
III
ON SOME OF THE RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION OF H.M.S. CHALLLENGER
IV
YEAST
V
ON THE FORMATION OF COAL
VI
ON THE BORDER TERRITORY BETWEEN THE ANIMAL AND THE VEGETABLE KINGDOMS
VII
A LOBSTER; OR, THE STUDY OF ZOOLOGY
VIII
BIOGENESIS AND ABIOGENESIS (THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE FOR 1870)
IX
GEOLOGICAL CONTEMPORANEITY AND PERSISTENT TYPES OF LIFE
X
GEOLOGICAL REFORM
XI
PALAEONTOLOGY AND THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION
Отрывок из книги
Thomas Henry Huxley
Published by Good Press, 2019
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As I have mentioned, the soundings from the great Atlantic plain are almost entirely made up of Globigerinoe, with the granules which have been mentioned, and some few other calcareous shells; but a small percentage of the chalky mud—perhaps at most some five per cent. of it—is of a different nature, and consists of shells and skeletons composed of silex, or pure flint. These silicious bodies belong partly to the lowly vegetable organisms which are called Diatomaceoe, and partly to the minute, and extremely simple, animals, termed Radiolaria. It is quite certain that these creatures do not live at the bottom of the ocean, but at its surface—where they may be obtained in prodigious numbers by the use of a properly constructed net. Hence it follows that these silicious organisms, though they are not heavier than the lightest dust, must have fallen, in some cases, through fifteen thousand feet of water, before they reached their final resting-place on the ocean floor. And considering how large a surface these bodies expose in proportion to their weight, it is probable that they occupy a great length of time in making their burial journey from the surface of the Atlantic to the bottom.
But if the Radiolaria and Diatoms are thus rained upon the bottom of the sea, from the superficial layer of its waters in which they pass their lives, it is obviously possible that the Globigerinoe may be similarly derived; and if they were so, it would be much more easy to understand how they obtain their supply of food than it is at present. Nevertheless, the positive and negative evidence all points the other way. The skeletons of the full-grown, deep-sea Globigerinoe are so remarkably solid and heavy in proportion to their surface as to seem little fitted for floating; and, as a matter of fact, they are not to be found along with the Diatoms and Radiolaria in the uppermost stratum of the open ocean. It has been observed, again, that the abundance of Globigerinoe, in proportion to other organisms, of like kind, increases with the depth of the sea; and that deep-water Globigerinoe are larger than those which live in shallower parts of the sea; and such facts negative the supposition that these organisms have been swept by currents from the shallows into the deeps of the Atlantic. It therefore seems to be hardly doubtful that these wonderful creatures live and die at the depths in which they are found.[2]
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