Usable History?

Usable History?
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When Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and its allies in April 1941, what followed was as much a Yugoslav civil war as a war of occupation and liberation. Several hundred-thousand Yugoslav civilians were killed by other Yugoslavs in large-scale massacres or concentration camps, and the horrific events left the country ruined and deeply divided. Usable History? examines the way in which the history of Yugoslavia's internal problematic past was presented and used politically and ideologically, and asks how a society can cope with such an «unmasterable» history. How did Yugoslav historians and politicians represent and explain their own history and how did these representations interact with the cultural developments, political demands and societal needs? By investigating political documents, historiography and popular representations of history such as films, songs and literature, the book's author reveals a deeply disturbing narrative of historical (mis)inter-pretation and (mis)use.

Оглавление

Tia Sindbaek. Usable History?

Preface

1 Introduction:

Thematization and cardinal theme

Historical culture and use of history

The importance of context

Genocide, term and theme

The term and theme of genocide in Yugoslavia

Sources

NOTES

2 The Second World. War in Yugoslavia

Disintegration and war regimes

Ustasha

Chetniks

Partisans

Partisan victory

Massacres and war crimes

Ustasha crimes

Chetnik crimes

Partisan crimes

Numbers of victims

NOTES

3 Establishing an official. narrative, 1945-1948

The communist reconstruction of Yugoslavia

The first official accounts

The official report on Jasenovac

Settling accounts

The trial against Mihailović

The trial against Stepinac

Tito’s 1948 report of the war

NOTES

4 Massacres in memoirs. and fiction, 1945-1952

The bloody cloth of Krajina – massacres in memoir literature

Jasenovac

The war and its massacres in songs and poetry

Partisan novels

NOTES

5 Titoist institutional. historiography, 1945-1960

Breaking with Stalinism

Historiography and society

Education

Titoist historiography of the massacres

The NDH and the Catholic Church

Pavelić and the NDH

Towards a historical synthesis

NOTES

6 New perspectives on wartime. history, 1960-1980

Yugoslav politics

Professionalized historiography

Republican and national research environments

New perspectives on Second World War history

Genocide becomes an issue

Dedijer’s Istorija Jugoslavije

Colić’ Takozvana Nezavisna Država Hrvatska

Towards a theme of genocide?

NOTES

7 Public commemorations and. popular culture, 1960-1980

The memorial area of Jasenovac

Partisan poetry

Partisan songs

Epic poems

War films

Partisan films

The war as an inter-Yugoslav conflict

History schoolbooks

NOTES

8 The breakdown of communist. history and the theme of. genocide, 1980-1986

Politics of crisis

Fractured historical culture

The breakdown of communist history

The rehabilitation of the Chetniks

Thematization of wartime massacres in literature

Drama

Wartime history and the concept of genocide in public debate

The national churches and wartime history

Genocide as a metaphor – Kosovo and Croatia

NOTES

9 Genocide as a cardinal. theme, 1984-1989

Politics and national tensions

The development of genocide historiography

Jasenovac

The role of the Catholic Church

The trial of Andrija Artuković

Croatian reactions and genocide discussions in the press

A genocidal trait of Croat culture?

Jasenovac and the “Jasenovac myth”

The Catholic Church

The Artuković trial

Numbers of victims

NOTES

10 National conflicts and national. historical cultures, 1990-2002

The establishment of the Croatian national state

The Bleiburg tragedy and the thematization of genocide in Croatia

Towards a Croatian national history

The lack of transition in Serbia

The theme of genocide in Serbia

Teaching Serbian war history

The Bosnian war

Bosnian historical culture and the theme of genocide

Towards a Bosniak national history

NOTES

Conclusion

Literature

Отрывок из книги

Tea Sindbæk

Usable History?

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12 For discussions of the concept of ‘collective memory’ see Amos Funkenstein, ‘Collective Memory and Historical Consciousness’, History and Memory, 1, 1989, 1, 5-26; Noa Gedi and Yigal Elam, ‘Collective Memory – What Is It?’, History and Memory, 8, 1996, 1, 30-50; Anette Warring, ‘Kollektiv erindring – et brugbart begreb?’, in Bernard Eric Jensen et al., eds., Eridringens og glemslens politik, Roskilde, Roskilde Universitetsforlag, 1996, 206-231. The concept ‘collected memories’ was suggested by James E. Young in order to take into consideration the individuality of remembrance, Young, The Texture of Memory, xi.

14 For a discussion of the recent changes in the relationship between memory and history, see Pierre Nora, ‘Reasons for the Current Upsurge in Memory’, Eurozine, 19 April 2002.

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