Public Opinion

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Walter Lippmann. Public Opinion

Public Opinion

Table of Contents

PART I. INTRODUCTION

PART II. APPROACHES TO THE WORLD OUTSIDE

PART III. STEREOTYPES

PART IV. INTERESTS

PART V. THE MAKING OF A COMMON WILL

PART VI. THE IMAGE OF DEMOCRACY

PART VII. NEWSPAPERS

PART VIII. ORGANIZED INTELLIGENCE

PART I

INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. THE WORLD OUTSIDE AND THE PICTURES IN OUR HEADS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

THE WORLD OUTSIDE AND THE PICTURES IN OUR HEADS

FACTS NOW ESTABLISHED

WITHOUT DANIELS' KNOWLEDGE

PART II

APPROACHES TO THE WORLD OUTSIDE. CHAPTER 2. CENSORSHIP AND PRIVACY " 3. CONTACT AND OPPORTUNITY " 4. TIME AND ATTENTION " 5. SPEED, WORDS, AND CLEARNESS. CHAPTER II

CENSORSHIP AND PRIVACY

CHAPTER III

CONTACT AND OPPORTUNITY

CHAPTER IV

TIME AND ATTENTION

CHAPTER V

SPEED, WORDS, AND CLEARNESS

PART III

STEREOTYPES. CHAPTER 6. STEREOTYPES " 7. STEREOTYPES AS DEFENSE " 8. BLIND SPOTS AND THEIR VALUE " 9. CODES AND THEIR ENEMIES " 10. THE DETECTION OF STEREOTYPES. CHAPTER VI

STEREOTYPES

CHAPTER VII

STEREOTYPES AS DEFENSE

CHAPTER VIII

BLIND SPOTS AND THEIR VALUE

CHAPTER IX

CODES AND THEIR ENEMIES

CHAPTER X

THE DETECTION OF STEREOTYPES

PART IV

INTERESTS. CHAPTER 11. THE ENLISTING OF INTEREST " 12. SELF-INTEREST RECONSIDERED. CHAPTER XI

THE ENLISTING OF INTEREST. I

CHAPTER XII

SELF-INTEREST RECONSIDERED

PART V

THE MAKING OF A COMMON WILL. CHAPTER 13. THE TRANSFER OF INTEREST " 14. YES OR NO " 15. LEADERS AND THE RANK AND FILE. CHAPTER XIII

THE TRANSFER OF INTEREST

CHAPTER XIV

YES OR NO

CHAPTER XV

LEADERS AND THE RANK AND FILE. I

PART VI

THE IMAGE OF DEMOCRACY

CHAPTER 16. THE SELF-CENTERED MAN " 17. THE SELF-CONTAINED COMMUNITY " 18. THE ROLE OF FORCE, PATRONAGE AND PRIVILEGE " 19. THE OLD IMAGE IN A NEW FORM: GUILD SOCIALISM " 20. A NEW IMAGE. CHAPTER XVI

THE SELF-CENTERED MAN. I

CHAPTER XVII

THE SELF-CONTAINED COMMUNITY

CHAPTER XVIII

THE ROLE OF FORCE, PATRONAGE AND PRIVILEGE

CHAPTER XIX

THE OLD IMAGE IN A NEW FORM: GUILD SOCIALISM

CHAPTER XX

A NEW IMAGE

PART VII

NEWSPAPERS. CHAPTER XXI. THE BUYING PUBLIC " XXII. THE CONSTANT READER " XXIII. THE NATURE OF NEWS " XXIV. NEWS, TRUTH, AND A CONCLUSION. CHAPTER XXI

THE BUYING PUBLIC

CHAPTER XXII

THE CONSTANT READER. I

CHAPTER XXIII

THE NATURE OF NEWS

CHAPTER XXIV

NEWS, TRUTH, AND A CONCLUSION

PART VIII

ORGANIZED INTELLIGENCE. CHAPTER XXV. THE ENTERING WEDGE " XXVI. INTELLIGENCE WORK " XXVII. THE APPEAL TO THE PUBLIC " XXVIII. THE APPEAL TO REASON. CHAPTER XXV

THE ENTERING WEDGE

CHAPTER XXVI

INTELLIGENCE WORK

CHAPTER XXVII

THE APPEAL TO THE PUBLIC

CHAPTER XXVIII

THE APPEAL TO REASON

Отрывок из книги

Walter Lippmann

Published by Good Press, 2019

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Try to explain social life as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. You will soon be saying that the hedonist begs the question, for even supposing that man does pursue these ends, the crucial problem of why he thinks one course rather than another likely to produce pleasure, is untouched. Does the guidance of man's conscience explain? How then does he happen to have the particular conscience which he has? The theory of economic self-interest? But how do men come to conceive their interest in one way rather than another? The desire for security, or prestige, or domination, or what is vaguely called self-realization? How do men conceive their security, what do they consider prestige, how do they figure out the means of domination, or what is the notion of self which they wish to realize? Pleasure, pain, conscience, acquisition, protection, enhancement, mastery, are undoubtedly names for some of the ways people act. There may be instinctive dispositions which work toward such ends. But no statement of the end, or any description of the tendencies to seek it, can explain the behavior which results. The very fact that men theorize at all is proof that their pseudo-environments, their interior representations of the world, are a determining element in thought, feeling, and action. For if the connection between reality and human response were direct and immediate, rather than indirect and inferred, indecision and failure would be unknown, and (if each of us fitted as snugly into the world as the child in the womb), Mr. Bernard Shaw would not have been able to say that except for the first nine months of its existence no human being manages its affairs as well as a plant.

The chief difficulty in adapting the psychoanalytic scheme to political thought arises in this connection. The Freudians are concerned with the maladjustment of distinct individuals to other individuals and to concrete circumstances. They have assumed that if internal derangements could be straightened out, there would be little or no confusion about what is the obviously normal relationship. But public opinion deals with indirect, unseen, and puzzling facts, and there is nothing obvious about them. The situations to which public opinions refer are known only as opinions. The psychoanalyst, on the other hand, almost always assumes that the environment is knowable, and if not knowable then at least bearable, to any unclouded intelligence. This assumption of his is the problem of public opinion. Instead of taking for granted an environment that is readily known, the social analyst is most concerned in studying how the larger political environment is conceived, and how it can be conceived more successfully. The psychoanalyst examines the adjustment to an X, called by him the environment; the social analyst examines the X, called by him the pseudo-environment.

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