Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution

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A. S. Packard. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution

Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution

Table of Contents

PREFACE

Lamarck, the Founder of. Evolution. His Life and Work

CHAPTER I. BIRTH, FAMILY, YOUTH, AND MILITARY CAREER

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER II. STUDENT LIFE AND BOTANICAL CAREER

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER III. LAMARCK’S SHARE IN THE REORGANIZATION OF THE JARDIN DES PLANTES AND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER IV. PROFESSOR OF INVERTEBRATE ZOÖLOGY AT THE MUSEUM

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER V. LAST DAYS AND DEATH

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VI. POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE; OPINIONS OF HIS CONTEMPORARIES AND SOME LATER BIOLOGISTS

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VII. LAMARCK’S WORK IN METEOROLOGY AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VIII. LAMARCK’S WORK IN GEOLOGY

Lamarck’s Contributions to Physical Geology; his Theory of the Earth

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER IX. LAMARCK THE FOUNDER OF INVERTEBRATE PALÆONTOLOGY

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER X. LAMARCK’S OPINIONS ON GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOLOGY

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XI. LAMARCK AS A BOTANIST

CHAPTER XII. LAMARCK THE ZOÖLOGIST

TABLEAU. Servant à montrer l’origine des differens animaux

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XIII. THE EVOLUTIONARY VIEWS OF BUFFON AND OF GEOFFROY ST. HILAIRE

Étienne Geoffroy St. Hilaire

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XIV. THE VIEWS OF ERASMUS DARWIN

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XV. WHEN DID LAMARCK CHANGE HIS VIEWS REGARDING THE MUTABILITY OF SPECIES?

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XVI. THE STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAMARCK’S VIEWS ON EVOLUTION BEFORE THE PUBLICATION OF HIS PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE

I. From the Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres (1801)

II. Recherches sur l’Organisation des Corps vivans, 1802 (Opening Discourse)

“First Part: Progress in structure of living beings in proportion as circumstances favor them

Modification of the organization from one end to the other of the animal chain

Appendix (p. 141)

On Species in Living Bodies

III. Lamarck’s Views on Species, as published in 1803

IV. Lamarck’s Views as published in 1806.[177]

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XVII. THE “PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE”

The Influence of Circumstances on the Actions and Habits of Animals

“First Law

“Second Law

“On the Feeling of Existence

On the Transportation of the force-producing Movements in the Interior of Animals

“On the Instincts of Animals

“On the Industry of Certain Animals

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XVIII. LAMARCK’S THEORY AS TO THE EVOLUTION OF MAN

“Some Observations Relative to Man

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XIX. LAMARCK’S THOUGHTS ON MORALS, AND ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND RELIGION

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XX. THE RELATIONS BETWEEN LAMARCKISM AND DARWINISM; NEOLAMARCKISM

“VI. The Adequacy of Neolamarckism

FOOTNOTES:

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF J. B. DE LAMARCK[274] 1778–1828

1778

(1805–15)

1783

1784

1785

1788

1790

1791

1792

1794

1796

1797

1798

1799

1800

1801

1802

1802–6

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) I, 1802

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) II, 1803

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) III, 1804

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) IV, 1804

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) V, 1804

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) VI, 1805

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) VII, 1806

Paris, Mus. Hist. nat. (Ann.) VIII, 1806

1805

1805–1809

1806

1807

1809

(Ces notes ont été relevées sur l’édition de 1809.) 1810–1811

Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, XV, 1810. pp. 20–26

Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, XVI, 1810

Ann. Mus. Hist. nat. XVII, 1811

1812

1813

Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, XX, 1813

Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, I, 1815

1813–15

Mém. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, I, 1813. p. 401

Mém. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, II, 1815

1815–22

1818

1820

1823

1828

Eulogies and Biographical Articles on Lamarck

FOOTNOTES:

INDEX

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A. S. Packard

His Life and Work

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Of this group Lamarck was facile princeps, as he combined great sagacity and experience as a systematist with rare intellectual and philosophic traits. For this reason his fame has perhaps outlasted that of his young contemporary, Geoffroy St. Hilaire.

The necessities of the Museum led to the division of the chair of zoölogy, botany being taught by Desfontaines. And now began a new era in the life of Lamarck. After twenty-five years spent in botanical research he was compelled, as there seemed nothing else for him to undertake, to assume charge of the collection of invertebrate animals, and to him was assigned that enormous, chaotic mass of forms then known as molluscs, insects, worms, and microscopic animals. Had he continued to teach botany, we might never have had the Lamarck of biology and biological philosophy. But turned adrift in a world almost unexplored, he faced the task with his old-time bravery and dogged persistence, and at once showed the skill of a master mind in systematic work.

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