Оглавление
Abdullah Eroglu. RF/Microwave Engineering and Applications in Energy Systems
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
RF/Microwave Engineering and Applications in Energy Systems
Preface
Biography
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics. 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals. 1.2.1 Vector Analysis
1.2.1.1 Unit Vector Relationship
1.2.1.2 Vector Operations and Properties. Dot Product
Cross Product
Vector Operation Properties for Dot and Cross Products
1.2.2 Coordinate Systems
1.2.2.1 Cartesian Coordinate System
1.2.2.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System
1.2.2.3 Spherical Coordinate System
1.2.3 Differential Length (dl ), Differential Area (ds), and Differential Volume (dv )
1.2.3.1 dl, ds, and dv in a Cartesian Coordinate System
1.2.3.2 dl, ds, and dv in a Cylindrical Coordinate System
1.2.3.3 dl, ds, and dv in a Spherical Coordinate System
1.2.4 Line Integral
Example 1.1 Line Integral
Solution
1.2.5 Surface Integral
1.2.6 Volume Integral
1.3 Vector Operators and Theorems
1.3.1 Del Operator
1.3.2 Gradient
Example 1.2 Gradient
Solution
1.3.3 Divergence
Example 1.3 Divergence
Solution
1.3.4 Curl
1.3.5 Divergence Theorem
Example 1.4 Divergence Theorem
Solution
1.3.6 Stokes' Theorem
Example 1.5 Stokes' Theorem
Solution
1.4 Maxwell's Equations. 1.4.1 Differential Forms of Maxwell's Equations
1.4.2 Integral Forms of Maxwell's Equations
1.5 Time Harmonic Fields
Example 1.6 Maxwell's Equations
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 1.1
Problem 1.2
Problem 1.3
Problem 1.4
Problem 1.5
Problem 1.6
Problem 1.7
Problem 1.8
Problem 1.9
Problem 1.10
2 Passive and Active Components. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Resistors
Example 2.1 Nonideal Resistor
Solution
2.3 Capacitors
Example 2.2 Capacitor
Solution
2.4 Inductors
Example 2.3 Inductor
Solution
2.4.1 Air Core Inductor Design
Example 2.4 Air Core Inductor
Solution
2.4.2 Magnetic Core Inductor Design
2.4.3 Planar Inductor Design
2.4.4 Transformers
2.5 Semiconductor Materials and Active Devices
2.5.1 Si
2.5.2 Wide‐Bandgap Devices [4]
2.5.2.1 GaAs [5–6]
2.5.2.2 GaN [7–8]
2.5.3 Active Devices
2.5.3.1 BJT and HBTs
2.5.3.2 FETs
2.5.3.3 MOSFETs
Example 2.5 MOSFET IV Curves
Solution
Example 2.6 MOSFET HF Model
Solution
2.5.3.4 LDMOS [10]
2.5.3.5 High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) [11]
2.6 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 2.1 Isolation Gate Transformer
Solution
Design Example 2.2 RF Autotransformer
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 2.1
Problem 2.2
Problem 2.3
Problem 2.4
Problem 2.5
Problem 2.6
Problem 2.7
Problem 2.8
Problem 2.9
Problem 2.10
Problem 2.11
Problem 2.12
Design Challenge 2.1 Toroidal Inductor Design
Design Challenge 2.2 Inductor Design for RF Amplifiers
3 Transmission Lines. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transmission Line Analysis
Example 3.1 Coaxial Transmission Line
Solution
3.2.1 Limiting Cases for Transmission Lines
3.2.2 Transmission Line Parameters
3.2.2.1 Coaxial Line
Example 3.2 Coaxial Transmission Line
Solution
3.2.2.2 Two‐wire Transmission Line
3.2.2.3 Parallel Plate Transmission Line
3.2.3 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines
Example 3.3 Parameters and Coefficients
Solution
Example 3.4 Lossless Transmission Lines
Solution
Example 3.5 Transmission Line Circuits
Solution
3.2.4 Special Cases of Terminated Transmission Lines. 3.2.4.1 Short‐circuited Line
3.2.4.2 Open‐circuited Line
3.3 Smith Chart
Example 3.6 Smith Chart
Solution
3.3.1 Input Impedance Determination with a Smith Chart
Example 3.7 Transmission Lines with Smith Chart
Solution
3.3.2 Smith Chart as an Admittance Chart
3.3.3 ZY Smith Chart and Its Applications
Example 3.8 Input Impedance with Smith Chart
Solution
3.4 Microstrip Lines
Example 3.9 Microstrip Line
Solution
Example 3.10 Microstrip Line Design
Solution
3.5 Striplines
3.6 Engineering Application Examples
Microstrip Coupler Design
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 3.1
Problem 3.2
Problem 3.3
Problem 3.4
Problem 3.5
Problem 3.6
Problem 3.7
Problem 3.8
Problem 3.9
Problem 3.10
Problem 3.11
Problem 3.12
Problem 3.13
Problem 3.14
Design Challenge 3.1 Design of Two‐wire Transmission Line
4 Network Parameters. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Impedance Parameters – Z Parameters
Example 4.1 Impedance Parameters
Solution
4.3 Y Admittance Parameters
4.4 ABCD Parameters
4.5 h Hybrid Parameters
Example 4.2 Hybrid Parameters
Solution
Example 4.3 T Network Parameters
Solution
4.6 Network Connections
Example 4.4 Network Parameters of RF Amplifier
Solution
4.7 MATLAB Implementation of Network Parameters
Example 4.5 Network Connections
Solution
Example 4.6 Network Parameters for Small Signal Model
Solution
4.8 S ‐Scattering Parameters
4.8.1 One‐port Network
4.8.2 N ‐port Network
Example 4.7 Scattering Parameters
Solution
4.8.3 Normalized Scattering Parameters
Example 4.8 Scattering Parameters for T Network
Solution
Example 4.9 Scattering Parameters for Transformers
Solution
4.9 Measurement of S Parameters
4.9.1 Measurement of S Parameters for Two‐port Network
4.9.2 Measurement of S Parameters for a Three‐port Network
4.10 Chain Scattering Parameters
4.11 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 4.1 Test Fixture Design for Measuring Scattering Parameters
Solution
Design Example 4.2 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Parameters of Transistors
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 4.1
Problem 4.2
Problem 4.3
Problem 4.4
Problem 4.5
Problem 4.6
Problem 4.7
Problem 4.8
Problem 4.9
Problem 4.10
Design Challenge 4.1 Calculation of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Parameters of Transistors with Test Fixture Effects
5 Impedance Matching. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Impedance Matching Network with Lumped Elements
Example 5.1L Matching Network
Solution
5.3 Impedance Matching with a Smith Chart – Graphical Method
Example 5.2 Smith Chart
Solution
Example 5.3 Two‐element Matching Networks
Solution
5.4 Impedance Matching Network with Transmission Lines
5.4.1 Quarter‐wave Transformers
Example 5.4 Quarter‐wave Transmission Lines
Solution
5.4.2 Single Stub Tuning
5.4.2.1 Shunt Single Stub Tuning
5.4.2.2 Series Single Stub Tuning
5.4.3 Double Stub Tuning
Example 5.5 Double Stub Tuner
Solution
5.5 Impedance Transformation and Matching between Source and Load Impedances
Example 5.6 ZY Smith Chart
Solution
5.6 Bandwidth of Matching Networks
Example 5.7 Quality Factor of Matching Network
Solution
5.7 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 5.1 Design and Implementation of Single Stub Tuning Network
Solution
Design Example 5.2 Design and Simulation of Microstrip Matching Networks
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 5.1
Problem 5.2
Problem 5.3
Problem 5.4
Problem 5.5
Problem 5.6
Problem 5.7
Problem 5.8
Problem 5.9
Problem 5.10
Problem 5.11
Design Challenge 5.1 Design of Impedance Matching Network for Amplifiers
6 Resonator Circuits. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parallel and Series Resonant Networks. 6.2.1 Parallel Resonance
Example 6.1 Parallel Resonant Circuit
Solution
6.2.2 Series Resonance
6.3 Practical Resonances with Loss, Loading, and Coupling Effects. 6.3.1 Component Resonances
6.3.2 Parallel LC Networks. 6.3.2.1 Parallel LC Networks with Ideal Components
6.3.2.2 Parallel LC Networks with Nonideal Components
6.3.2.3 Loading Effects on Parallel LC Networks
6.3.2.4 LC Network Transformations. RL Networks
Example 6.2 Network Transformation
Solution
RC Networks
6.3.2.5 LC Network with Series Loss
6.4 Coupling of Resonators
Example 6.3 Two‐resonator Tuned Circuit
Solution
6.5 LC Resonators as Impedance Transformers. 6.5.1 Inductive Load
6.5.2 Capacitive Load
Example 6.4 Impedance Transformer
Solution
6.6 Tapped Resonators as Impedance Transformers
6.6.1 Tapped‐C Impedance Transformer
Example 6.5 Tapped‐C Resonator Circuit
Solution
6.6.2 Tapped‐L Impedance Transformer
6.7 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 6.1 Tapped‐C and L Resonators for RF Amplifier Circuits
Solution
Design Example 6.2 Capacitively Coupled Amplifier Circuit
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 6.1
Problem 6.2
Problem 6.3
Problem 6.4
Problem 6.5
Problem 6.6
Problem 6.7
Problem 6.8
Problem 6.9
Problem 6.10
Design Challenge 6.1 Transformation of Coupled Circuits for RF Amplifiers
7 Couplers, Combiners, and Dividers. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Directional Couplers
7.2.1 Microstrip Directional Couplers
7.2.1.1 Two‐line Microstrip Directional Couplers
7.2.1.2 Three‐line Microstrip Directional Couplers
Example 7.1 Symmetrical Two‐line Microstrip Coupler
Solution
7.2.2 Multilayer and Multiline Planar Directional Couplers
7.2.3 Transformer Coupled Directional Couplers
7.2.3.1 Four‐port Directional Coupler Design and Implementation
7.2.3.2 Six‐port Directional Coupler Design
Forward Mode Analysis
Reverse Mode Analysis
7.3 Multistate Reflectometers
7.3.1 Multistate Reflectometer Based on Four‐port Network and Variable Attenuator
7.4 Combiners and Dividers
7.4.1 Analysis of Combiners and Dividers
7.4.2 Analysis of Dividers with Different Source Impedance
Example 7.2 Combiner Design
Solution
7.4.3 Microstrip Implementation of Combiners/Dividers
7.5 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 7.1 Microstrip Directional Coupler Design
Solution
Design Example 7.2 Transformer Directional Coupler Design
Solution
Design Example 7.3 Combiner Design
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 7.1
Problem 7.2
Problem 7.3
Problem 7.4
Problem 7.5
Problem 7.6
Problem 7.7
Problem 7.8
Problem 7.9
Problem 7.10
Design Challenge 7.1 Microstrip Coupler Design
Design Challenge 7.2 Multilayer Microstrip Coupler Design
Design Challenge 7.3 Power Divider for Array Antennas
8 Filters. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Filter Design Procedure
8.3 Filter Design by the Insertion Loss Method
8.3.1 Low Pass Filters
8.3.1.1 Binomial Filter Response
Example 8.1 Maximally Flat Low Pass Filter Response
Solution
8.3.1.2 Chebyshev Filter Response
Example 8.2 F/2 Low Pass Filter Design for RF Power Amplifiers
Solution
8.3.2 High Pass Filters
Example 8.3 High Pass Filter Design
Solution
8.3.3 Bandpass Filters
Example 8.4 Bandpass Filter Design
Solution
8.3.4 Bandstop Filters
8.4 Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filters
8.5 Stepped Impedance Resonator Bandpass Filters
8.6 Edge/Parallel‐coupled, Half‐wavelength Resonator Bandpass Filters
Example 8.5 Edge‐coupled Resonator Bandpass Filter
Solution
8.7 End‐Coupled, Capacitive Gap, Half‐Wavelength Resonator Bandpass Filters
Example 8.6 End‐coupled Resonator Bandpass Filter
Solution
8.8 Tunable Tapped Combline Bandpass Filters
8.8.1 Network Parameter Representation of Tunable Tapped Filter
8.9 Dual Band Bandpass Filters using Composite Transmission Lines
8.10 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 8.1 Design, Simulation, and Implementation of Stepped Impedance Filter
Solution
Design Example 8.2 Stepped Impedance Resonator Bandpass Filters
Solution
Design Example 8.3 Dual Band Filters Using CRLH TLs
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 8.1
Problem 8.2
Problem 8.3
Problem 8.4
Problem 8.5
Problem 8.6
Problem 8.7
Problem 8.8
Problem 8.9
Problem 8.10
Design Challenge 8.1 Wideband BPF Design
9 Waveguides. 9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rectangular Waveguides
9.2.1 Waveguide Design with Isotropic Media
9.2.1.1 TEmn Modes
9.2.2 Waveguide Design with Gyrotropic Media
9.2.2.1 TEm0 Modes
9.2.3 Waveguide Design with Anisotropic Media
Example 9.1 Rectangular Waveguide
Solution
9.3 Cylindrical Waveguides
9.3.1 TE Modes
9.3.2 TM Modes
9.4 Waveguide Phase Shifter Design
9.5 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example I Rectangular Waveguide Design
Solution
Design Example 2 Coaxial High Pass Filter Design
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 9.1
Problem 9.2
Problem 9.3
Problem 9.4
Problem 9.5
Problem 9.6
Problem 9.7
Problem 9.8
Problem 9.9
Problem 9.10
Design Challenge 9.1
10 Power Amplifiers. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Amplifier Parameters. 10.2.1 Gain
Example 10.1 RF System
Solution
10.2.2 Efficiency
Example 10.2 RF Power Amplifier Efficiency
Solution
10.2.3 Power Output Capability
10.2.4 Linearity
10.2.5 1 dB Compression Point
10.2.6 Harmonic Distortion
Example 10.3 RF Amplifier Harmonic Distortion
Solution
Example 10.4 1 dB Compression Point
Solution
10.2.7 Intermodulation
Example 10.5 Time Domain and Frequency Domain Representation
Solution
10.3 Small Signal Amplifier Design
10.3.1 DC Biasing Circuits
10.3.2 BJT Biasing Circuits
10.3.2.1 Fixed Bias
Example 10.6 RF Fixed Bias Circuit
Solution
10.3.2.2 Stable Bias
Example 10.7 RF Stable Bias Circuit
Solution
10.3.2.3 Self‐bias
10.3.2.4 Emitter Bias
10.3.2.5 Active Bias Circuit
10.3.2.6 Bias Circuit using Linear Regulator
10.3.3 FET Biasing Circuits
10.3.4 Small Signal Amplifier Design Method
10.3.4.1 Definitions Power Gains for Small Signal Amplifiers
10.3.4.2 Design Steps for Small Signal Amplifier
10.3.4.3 Small Signal Amplifier Stability
10.3.4.3.1 Unconditional Stability
10.3.4.3.2 Stability Circles
Output Stability Circle
Input Stability Circle
Example 10.8 Stability Circles
Solution
10.3.4.3.3 Stabilization of an Amplifier
10.3.4.4 Constant Gain Circles. Unilateral case
|Sii| < 1 → Unilateral Unconditionally Stable Case
|Sii| > 1 → Unilateral Potentially Stable Case
10.3.4.5 Unilateral Figure of Merit
10.4 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 10.1 Low Noise Amplifier Design, Simulation and Implementation
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 10.1
Problem 10.2
Problem 10.3
Problem 10.4
Problem 10.5
Problem 10.6
Problem 10.7
Problem 10.8
Problem 10.9
Problem 10.10
Design Challenge 10.1 Small Signal Amplifier Design
11 Antennas. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antenna Parameters
Example 11.1 Antenna Parameters
Solution
11.3 Wire Antennas
11.3.1 Infinitesimal (Hertzian) Dipole
11.3.2 Short Dipole
11.3.3 Half‐wave Dipole
Example 11.2 Wire Antenna Design
Solution
11.4 Microstrip Antennas
11.4.1 Type of Patch Antennas
11.4.2 Feeding Methods
11.4.2.1 Microstrip Line Feed
11.4.2.2 Proximity Coupling
11.4.3 Microstrip Antenna Analysis – Transmission Line Method
11.4.4 Impedance Matching
11.5 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 11.1 Dual Band Slotted Antenna Design
Solution
Design Example 11.2 Wire Antennas Dipole Antenna Design
Solution
References
Problems. Problem 11.1
Problem 11.2
Problem 11.3
Problem 11.4
Problem 11.5
Problem 11.6
Problem 11.7
Problem 11.8
Problem 11.9
Problem 11.10
Design Challenge 11.1
Design Challenge 11.2
12 RF Wireless Communication Basics for Emerging Technologies. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Wireless Technology Basics
12.3 Standard Protocol vs Proprietary Protocol
12.3.1 Standard Protocols
12.3.2 Proprietary Protocols
12.3.2.1 Physical Layer Only Approach
12.4 Overview of Protocols. 12.4.1 ZigBee
12.4.2 LowPAN
12.4.3 Wi‐Fi
12.4.4 Bluetooth
12.5 RFIDs
12.5.1 Active RFID Tags
12.5.2 Passive RFID Tags
12.5.3 RFID Frequencies. 12.5.3.1 Low Frequency ~124 kHz and High Frequency ~13.56 MHz
12.5.3.2 Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF) Tags ~423 MHz–2.45 GHz
12.6 RF Technology for Implantable Medical Devices
12.6.1 Challenges with IMDs
12.6.1.1 Biocompatibility
12.6.1.2 Frequency
12.6.1.3 Dimension Constraints
12.7 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 1 Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for Biomedical Applications
Solution
Design Example 2 Implantable Dual Band Antenna Design
Solution
References
13 Energy Harvesting and HVACSystems with RF Signals. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 RF Energy Harvesting
13.3 RF Energy Harvesting System Design for Dual Band Operation
13.3.1 Matching Network for Energy Harvester
13.3.2 RF–DC Conversion for Energy Harvester
13.3.3 Clamper and Peak Detector Circuits
13.3.4 Cascaded Rectifier
13.3.5 Villard Voltage Multiplier
13.3.6 RF–DC Rectifier Stages
13.4 Diode Threshold Vth Cancellation
13.4.1 Internal Vth Cancellation
13.4.2 External Vth Cancellation
13.4.3 Self‐Vth Cancellation
13.5 HVAC Systems
13.6 Engineering Application Examples
Design Example 13.1 Dual Band Energy Harvesting System
Solution
Dual Band Antenna Design for Energy Harvesters
Solution
Design Example 13.3 Antenna Design for HVAC Systems
Solution
References
Index. a
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