Оглавление
Alan W Ewert. Natural Environments and Human Health
Dedication
Natural Environments and Human Health
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. Overview
Why This Book and Why Now
Who is This Book For?
Underlying Assumptions
Defining the Terms
Structure of this Book
References
2. Human Perceptions of Nature
What does Connected Mean? Are We Connected to Nature?
Evolutionary connections
Biological connections
Psychological/emotional and spiritual connections
What are WorldViews?
The History of WorldViews/Evolving WorldViews about Nature
First humans stage
Sacred cycle stage
Agricultural stage
Early modernity stage
Industrial stage
Technological stage
The Resultant Perception of Disconnection from Nature in Western Cultures: Where Are We Today?
The impact of a sense of landlessness
Emerging consciousness
References
3. The Historical Connection between Natural Environments and Health
Early Indigenous Conceptions of Health and Nature as Connection to the Earth’s Rhythms and Attachment to Mother Earth
Understanding the Spiritual Health Connection with Nature
Trees, spirituality, mythology, and metaphor
The Advent of Modern Medicine and New Therapies
Healing, hospitals, and herbs
Homeopathy, naturopathy, and Bach flower remedies: newer medical systems relying on nature
Vacation, parks, recreation, and well-being
Health through horticultural therapy
The Beginning of the Modern Environmental Movement: Ecology
The modern environmental movement, recreation, and understanding the Earth as an organism
Chapter Summary
References
4. Concepts and Theories
Evolutionary-Based Theories
Naturalistic intelligence
Biophilia hypothesis
Intra-indigenous or indigenous consciousness
Other evolutionary-grounded theories
Psychological and Sociological Theories
Identity and the natural environment
Psychologically ‘deep’ and extraordinary experiences
Flow
The peak experience
Transcendent experiences
Restoration and Restorative Environments
Psycho-evolutionary theory (PET)
Attention restoration theory (ART)
Intentionally Designed Experiences (IDEs)
Chapter Summary
References
5. Human Development and Nature*
What Do Children Need for Healthy Development?
Why is Time with Nature Critical for Children?
Attachment Theory
Learning Theories
Developmental Theories
The Practical Application of Theory: Time in Nature and Developmental Stages
Pregnancy to birth: becoming
Infancy: 0 to 6 months old
Infancy: 6 to 18 months old
Early childhood/toddlerhood: 18 months to 3 years old
Preschool/early childhood: 3 to 6 years old
School age/elementary: 6 to 12 years old
Adolescence: 13 to 19 years old
Adulthood
Toward death
What about Pollution in the Outdoors?
A Call to Action
Regenerativity: Reconnecting with Nature
Resources for Table 5.2
References
6. Adaptations and Applications
Cultural Adaptations
Folk biology
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
Friluftsliv
Ecofeminism
Socio-ecological approach to human health
Applications
Spirituality: connecting directly with all that is
Ecopsychology, ecotherapy, nature therapy, and terrapsychology
Conservation and the development of a land ethic
Medicine from nature and conservation medicine
Citizen science*
Conclusion
References
7. Outcomes and Benefits
Research Background
Benefits from Exposure to Nature
Physiological benefits
Psychological benefits
Social well-being
Spiritual benefits of nature
Summary of Research on Benefits
Future Research
References
8. Sense of Place and the Role of Education
Why We Need a Land Ethic
Biophilia and a land ethic
Place
Sense of place
Place and identity
Placelessness
The Role of Education
Educating for sense of place
Developing an ethic of care
Developing critical thinking skills
Developing ecoliteracy skills
‘Green’ schools
Forest kindergartens
Natural playgrounds
School environment and architecture
The Role of Public Land Management
Managing for sense of place
Inspiring Action
References
9. Innovative Approaches to Integrating Natural Environments and Health
An Overview of Adventure-Based Activities
Therapeutic and Educational Uses of Adventure
The Intersection of Adventure and Health
Is adventure beneficial to human health?
How is adventure beneficial?
Outward Bound process model
Components of the adventure experience
Interaction with the natural environment
Elements of risk and challenge
Uncertain outcomes
Intentionally Designed Experiences (IDEs) Within an Adventure Context
Adventure Experiences as Health-Transforming Experiences
Conclusion
References
10. Future Actions and Implications: Policy and Research—Take a Park, Not a Pill
Policy: Action and Implications
Life stages
Lifestyle factors
Social and community structure
Research and Evidence—Considerations for the Future
References
11. Resources
The Researchers
Judy Atkinson
Louise Chawla
Cheryl Charles
Susan Clayton
Marti Erickson
Howard Frumkin
Terry Hartig
Peter Kahn
Rachel and Stephen Kaplan
Stephen Kellert
Kalevi Korpela
Frances (Ming) Kuo
Cecily Maller
David Orr
Jules Pretty
Carolyn Raffensperger
Kate Rawles
Ted Schettler
Vandana Shiva
Mardi Townsend
Roger Ulrich
Nancy Wells
E.O. Wilson
Kathleen Wolf
Books of Interest
Films and Documentaries
Web Resources
Bibliography
Index
