An Ethical Problem

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Albert 1845-1916 Leffingwell. An Ethical Problem

An Ethical Problem

Table of Contents

PREFACE

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

A. L. CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION - - - - - xi. I. WHAT IS VIVISECTION? - - - - 1 II. ON CERTAIN MISTAKES OF SCIENTISTS - - 12 III. AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY VIVISECTOR - - - 22 IV. MAGENDIE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES - - - 29 V. A VIVISECTOR'S REMORSE - - - - 47 VI. IS TORTURE JUSTIFIED BY UTILITY? - - 57 VII. THE COMMENCEMENT OF AGITATION - - - 66 VIII. ATTAINMENT OF REGULATION IN ENGLAND - - 88 IX. A GREAT PROTESTANT - - - - 113 X. THE VIVISECTION REPORT OF 1912 - - - 127 XI. THE ANAESTHETIC DELUSION - - - 149 XII. THE VIVISECTION OF TO-DAY - - - 162 XIII. WHAT IS VIVISECTION REFORM? - - - 196 XIV. THE WORK OF REFORM SOCIETIES - - - 216 XV. UNFAIR METHODS OF CONTROVERSY - - - 228 XVI. RESEARCH WITHOUT VIVISECTION - - - 254 XVII. THE FUTURE OF VIVISECTION - - - 276 XVIII. THE FINAL PHASE: EXPERIMENTATION ON MAN - 289 XIX. CONCLUSION - - - - - 326. APPENDIXES - - - - 333–364C INDEX - - - - 365–369 PRESS NOTICES - - - - 371–374. INTRODUCTION

AN ETHICAL PROBLEM. CHAPTER I. WHAT IS VIVISECTION?

CHAPTER II. ON CERTAIN MISTAKES OF SCIENTISTS

CHAPTER III. AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY VIVISECTOR

CHAPTER IV. MAGENDIE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

CHAPTER V. A VIVISECTOR'S REMORSE

CHAPTER VI. IS TORTURE JUSTIFIED BY UTILITY?

CHAPTER VII. THE COMMENCEMENT OF AGITATION

CHAPTER VIII. THE ATTAINMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION

"SIR,

CHAPTER IX. THE GREAT PROTESTANT AGAINST VIVISECTION CRUELTY

"A TORTURE OF HELPLESS ANIMALS—MORE TERRIBLE BY REASON OF ITS REFINEMENT AND THE EFFORT TO PROLONG IT THAN BURNING AT THE STAKE, WHICH IS BRIEF—IS NOW BEING CARRIED ON IN ALL CIVILIZED NATIONS, NOT IN THE NAME OF RELIGION, BUT OF SCIENCE."

CHAPTER X. THE REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON VIVISECTION

"IT WOULD STOP ALL STRUGGLING."

CHAPTER XI. THE GREAT ANAESTHETIC DELUSION

SECOND. GREAT CARE WAS APPARENTLY TAKEN IN SOME CASES TO PREVENT DEEP ANAESTHESIA

THIRD. CURARE AND MORPHIA, NEITHER OF WHICH IS AN ANAESTHETIC, WERE SOMETIMES USED IN THESE EXPERIMENTS, APPARENTLY TO PREVENT THE ANIMALS UNDERGOING VIVISECTION FROM MAKING ANY MOVEMENTS WHICH MIGHT DISTURB THE INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYED

CHAPTER XII. VIVISECTION OF TO-DAY

"WOULD PAIN CAUSE AN INCREASE OF BLOOD-PRESSURE?"

EXPERIMENT 132. "BUNSEN'S FLAME TO THE NOSE CAUSED A GENERAL RISE IN BLOOD-PRESSURE."

EXPERIMENT 33. "ON BURNING A PAW UNDER LIGHT ANAESTHESIA, THERE WAS A RISE OF PRESSURE OF 19 MILLIMETRES."

CHAPTER XIII. WHAT IS VIVISECTION REFORM?

CHAPTER XIV. THE WORK OF REFORM SOCIETIES

CHAPTER XV. UNFAIR METHODS OF CONTROVERSY

ENGLAND AND WALES: AVERAGE ANNUAL DEATH-RATE FROM PHTHISIS PER MILLION PERSONS LIVING, IN GROUPS OF YEARS

CHAPTER XVI. RESEARCH WITHOUT VIVISECTION

DEATHS FROM CANCER IN ENGLAND AND WALES

DEATHS FROM CANCER AT DIFFERENT AGE-PERIODS (ENGLAND): AGE-PERIODS OF MALES

1. THE DEATH-RATE FROM CANCER APPEARS GREATLY TO VARY ACCORDING TO RACE AND ENVIRONMENT. CANCER DEATH-RATE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES PER 100,000 POPULATION

DEATH-RATES IN THE UNITED STATES FROM CANCER AND TUMOUR PER 100,000 WHITE POPULATION, ACCORDING TO THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE MOTHERS OF PATIENTS

CHAPTER XVII. THE FUTURE OF VIVISECTION[1]

CHAPTER XVIII. THE FINAL PHASE: EXPERIMENTATION ON MAN

1. THE OBJECT IS SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION, AND NOT THE PERSONAL WELFARE OR AMELIORATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL UPON WHOM THE EXPERIMENT IS MADE

1. ALL EXPERIMENTS, TESTS OR OBSERVATIONS, LIABLE TO INVOLVE ANY DEGREE OF PAIN, DISCOMFORT, OR DISTRESS, MADE UPON DYING CHILDREN, OR CHILDREN APPARENTLY NEAR DEATH, FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN THEIR PRESENT PERSONAL RELIEF

CHAPTER XIX. CONCLUSION

APPENDIXES

SECOND EDITION

APPENDIX I "ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION AND MEDICAL PROGRESS"—A REVIEW

I

II

"IF ALL EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSIOLOGY WERE AS PAINLESS AS THOSE IN CHEMISTRY, THERE WOULD BE BUT ONE SIDE TO THE QUESTION."[1]

III

IV

V

APPENDIX II

REGISTER OF ALL MAMMALIAN ANIMALS RECEIVED FOR EXPERIMENTATION IN THE CARNEGIE LABORATORY DURING THE YEAR 1920

REPORT OF ANIMALS (MAMMALS) RECEIVED FOR EXPERIMENTATION AT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE, DURING QUARTER ENDING MARCH 31, 1920

STATE OF NEW YORK. CITY OF NEW YORK. SS

A REPORT OF ALL MAMMALIAN ANIMALS USED FOR EXPERIMENTATION, EITHER BY MYSELF OR UNDER MY PERSONAL SUPERVISION IN … … . … . LABORATORY, DURING QUARTER ENDING MARCH 31, 1920

STATE OF NEW YORK. CITY OF NEW YORK. SS

A REPORT OF THE DISPOSITION OF ANIMALS (MAMMALS) USED FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES IN ALL LABORATORIES OF CARNEGIE INSTITUTE DURING QUARTER ENDING MARCH 31, 1920

STATE OF NEW YORK. CITY OF NEW YORK. SS

APPENDIX III

APPENDIX IV. A LETTER OF DR. JOHN BASCOM, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

JOHN BASCOM

APPENDIX V

THE LIMITATIONS AND ERRORS OF THE VIVISECTIONISTS

APPENDIX VI. THE REGULATION OF EXPERIMENTATION ON HUMAN BEINGS

APPENDIX VIII

SECTION 7.—ANY INDIVIDUAL ORGAN OR PART OF A CARCASS AFFECTED WITH CARCINOMA OR SARCOMA shall be condemned. In case the carcinoma or sarcoma involves any internal organ TO A MARKED EXTENT, or affects the muscles, skeleton, or body lymph glands even primarily, the carcass shall be condemned. In case of metastasis to any other organ or part of a carcass, or if metastasis has not occurred, but there are present secondary changes in the muscles … the carcass shall be condemned. SECTION 9.—All slight, well-limited abrasions on the tongue and inner surface of the lips and mouth, when without lymph-gland involvement, SHALL BE CAREFULLY EXCISED, leaving only sound, normal tissue WHICH MAY BE PASSED

Section 7.—Any animal or carcass of any animal found upon inspection to be affected, however slightly, with malignant disease (carcinoma or sarcoma) shall be wholly condemned as unfit for human food. APPENDIX IX

APPENDIX X

Отрывок из книги

Albert Leffingwell

Or, Sidelights upon Scientific Experimentation on Man and Animals

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Dr. Johnson's views of vivisection and vivisectors appeared as a contribution to the Idler, on August 5, 1761, more than a hundred years before the date given by Professor Bowditch as that of "THE FIRST SERIOUS ATTACK UPON BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ENGLAND." It may, nevertheless, be doubted whether any attack more "serious" or protest more weighty was ever made than was written by the most eminent literary man of his time, a century and a half ago.

"Among the inferior professors of medical knowledge is a race of wretches whose lives are only varied by varieties of cruelty; whose favourite amusement is to nail dogs to tables and open them alive; to try how long life may be continued in various degrees of mutilation, or with the excision or laceration of vital parts; to examine whether burning irons are felt more acutely by the bone or tendon; and whether the more lasting agonies are produced by poison forced into the mouth or injected into the veins. It is not without reluctance that I offend the sensibility of the tender mind with images like these. If such cruelties were not practised, it were to be desired that they should not be conceived; but since they are published every day with ostentation, let me be allowed once to mention them, since I mention them with abhorrence. … The anatomical novice tears out the living bowels of an animal, and styles himself a `physician'; prepares himself by familiar cruelty for that profession which he is to exercise upon the tender and helpless, upon feeble bodies and broken minds, and by which he has opportunities to extend his arts and tortures, and continue those experiments upon Infancy and Age which he has hitherto tried upon cats and dogs. What is alleged in defence of these hateful practices, everyone knows; but the truth is that by knives and fire knowledge is not always sought, and is very seldom attained. I know not that by living dissections any discovery has been made by which a single malady is more easily cured. And if the knowledge of physiology has been somewhat increased, he surely buys knowledge dear who learns the use of the lacteals at the expense of his own humanity. IT IS TIME THAT A UNIVERSAL RESENTMENT AGAINST THESE HORRID OPERATIONS SHOULD ARISE, which tend to harden the heart, and make the physician more dreadful than the gout or the stone."

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