Unified theory of human and animals aging. Bioenergy concept aging as a disease

Оглавление

Алексей Фёдорович Фитин. Unified theory of human and animals aging. Bioenergy concept aging as a disease

1. Part One

My Comment to the Epigraph of the Famous Thermodynamicist (Energeticist) Josiah Willard Gibbs

Introduction. How the Bioenergy Concept of Aging Was Born

1.1 Etiology of Aging

1.2. The Pathogenesis of Aging

1.3. Conclusion of the First Part. The Imperative of Life

2. Part Two

2.1. Explanation of the Phenomena Accompanying Aging within the Framework of the Proposed Concept

2.1.1. The Exponential Nature of the Specific Mortality of a Person from Age, Starting from 30 Years. Benjamin Gompertz Equation

2.1.2. The Dependence of the Maximum Life Expectancy on Body Weight and on the Specific Intensity of Metabolism (Oxygen Uptake) at Rest. The Energy Rule of Max Rubner's Surface

2.2. Explanation of the Relationship Between Aging and Other Global Phenomena within the Framework of the Proposed Concept

2.2.1. Aging and Cancer

2.2.2. Aging and Stress

2.2.3. Aging and Death

2.2.4. Aging and Covid-19

2.3. An Explanation of the Important Facts about Aging

2.3.1. Metformin

2.3.2. Nitric Oxide NO (Nitrosyl Radical)

2.3.3. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

2.3.4. ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels

2.3.5. Explanation of the Hormesis Mechanism. The Mechanism of the Positive Effect of Low Doses of Toxic Substances on the Average Life Expectancy. «Magic» Multipurpose Metabolic Inhibitors/

2.3.6. Explanation of the Mechanism of the Effect of Antioxidants on the Average Life Expectancy

2.3.7. Explanation of the Mechanism of the Positive Effect of Calorie Restriction on the Indicator of the Maximum Life Expectancy of Laboratory Animals

2.4. Dependence of the Maximum Life Span on Environmental Conditions (Nishi) Habitat and on the Biology of the Species

2.4.1. An Example of Pink Salmon

2.4.2. An Example of a Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus Glaber)

2.4.3. Hummingbirds and Bats

2.4.4. Aquatic Inhabitants of Large in Size

2.4.4.1. Warm-Blooded Whale

2.4.5. Small Mammals. Shrew

2.5. Neuro Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System – Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease

2.6. For Some Reason, Among the Inhabitants of the Mountains, Living in Conditions of Low Partial Pressure of Oxygen, Centenarians are Often Found?

2.7. The Reasons for the High Proportion of Centenarians in Five Geographic Areas – "Blue Zones"

2.8. Mechanisms of Rejuvenation and Acceleration of Aging of Animals in Experiments on Heterochronous Parabiosis, Proposed by the Concept

General Conclusion

References

Отрывок из книги

A distinctive feature of biology is the incredible diversity (heterogeneity) of elements and an even greater variety of connections between them. This diversity is manifested at all levels of organization of living things from molecules to social formations.

Obviously, the maximum simplicity of representing such a global phenomenon as aging should not be achieved due to primitive concepts, that is, due to neglect of the complexity of the organism structure.

.....

Cells contain more than 500 NADH- and NADPH-dependent enzymes (dehydrogenases), which, due to the free energy of oxidation of pyridine nucleotides, direct cell metabolism. Also in cells there are more than 200 ATP hydrolases that catalyze reactions that require the supply of free energy for their course. In the plasma membranes of various cells, there are energy-dependent translocases, which, due to the energy of the sodium cation gradient, provide the transport of a large list of metabolites into the cell against their concentration gradients.

Secondly, a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in organs and tissues leads to a decrease in the enzymatic activity of a number of oxidases. With a decrease in the activity of even one of the oxidases, important metabolic consequences arise in almost all organs and tissues.

.....