Оглавление
Alex J. Bellamy. Understanding Peacekeeping
CONTENTS
Guide
List of Illustrations
List of Maps
List of Boxes
List of Tables
Pages
Understanding Peacekeeping
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Peacekeeping in global politics
Enduring themes
Structure of the book
1Peace Operations in Global Politics
1.1 Westphalian and post-Westphalian order
1.2 Theorizing peace operations in global politics
Liberal peace
Box 1.1 Advocates of liberal peace
Culture and peace operations
Box 1.2 The global cultural determinants of peace operations
Cosmopolitanism
Peacekeeping as liberal imperialism
Critical theory
1.3 The impacts of peace operations on armed conflict
Conclusion
2Who Deploys Peace Operations?
2.1 The universe of modern peace operations
2.2 States as peacekeepers
2.3 International organizations as peacekeepers
2.4 United Nations peace operations
The legal framework for UN peace operations
Box 2.1 ‘Uniting for peace’ in the UN General Assembly
The bureaucratic framework for UN peace operations
Box 2.2 Assembling a United Nations peacekeeping operation
The financial framework for UN peace operations
2.5 Partnership peacekeeping
Conclusion
3Peace Operations during the Cold War
3.1 United Nations peace operations during the Cold War
3.2 Non-UN peace operations during the Cold War
Conclusion
4Peace Operations during the 1990s
4.1 The transformation of peace operations
4.2 The nature of the transformation
4.3 Failures and retreat
Box 4.1 Boutros-Ghali on the failure of UN peace operations
4.4 Lessons learned?
Conclusion
5Peace Operations in the Twenty-First Century
5.1 Peacekeeping reborn: 1999–2002
5.2 The Brahimi Report
Box 5.1 The Brahimi Report and the future of peace operations
5.3 Peace operations after the Brahimi Report
The West African cluster
The East African cluster
5.4 The rise of stabilization
Conclusion
6Prevention
6.1 Preventing violent conflict and preventive deployments
Box 6.1 Ken Menkhaus’s conflict prevention chain
Box 6.2 Proposals for UN standing forces: a very short history
6.2 Preventive deployments in practice
Preventing war in Macedonia: UNPREDEP and beyond
Preventing Electoral Violence in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2006)
6.3 The politics of preventive deployment
Conclusion
7Observation
7.1 From observation to traditional peacekeeping
Box 7.1 Hammarskjöld’s principles for the conduct of UNEF I
7.2 Observation in practice
UNEF I in Egypt (1956–1967)
Box 7.2 UNEF I’s mandate
UNFICYP in Cyprus (1964–present)
UNDOF in the Golan Heights (1974–present)
UNMEE in Ethiopia and Eritrea (2000–8)
7.3 Problems
8Assistance
8.1 Assisting war-to-peace transitions
8.2 Assistance in practice
ONUSAL in El Salvador (1991–4)
Box 8.1 UN responsibilities under the Chapultepec Accords
UNTAC in Cambodia (1991–3)
UNAMIR in Rwanda (1993–4)
Box 8.2 UNAMIR: small and cheap
IFOR and SFOR in Bosnia (1995–2004)
UNOMSIL and UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone (1998–2005)
8.3 Key challenges
9Enforcement
9.1 What is peace enforcement?
Box 9.1 Security Council action under Chapter VII
9.2 Peace enforcement in practice
ONUC in Congo (1960–4)
UNITAF and UNOSOM II in Somalia (1992–5)
Multinational Forces in Haiti (1994–5 and 2004)
INTERFET in East Timor (1999–2000)
AMISOM in Somalia (2007–present)
Force Intervention Brigade in DR Congo (2013–present)
9.3 Key challenges
10Stabilization
10.1 Stabilization in theory
10.2 Stabilization in practice
ISAF in Afghanistan (2001–14)
MONUC and MONUSCO in DR Congo (1999–present)
Stabilizing Mali (2012–present)
Stabilizing Central African Republic (2012–present)
10.3 Key challenges for stabilization
11Administration
11.1 Transitional administrations in theory
Box 11.1 Institutionalization before liberalization: six priorities
11.2 Transitional administrations in practice
Administering New Guinea (1962–3)
Administering Bosnia (1996–present)
Administering Kosovo (1999–present)
Box 11.2 Security Council Resolution 1244 and the transitional administration in Kosovo
Administering East Timor (1999–2002)
11.3 Key challenges
12Force Generation
12.1 The force-generation process
Box 12.1 Training United Nations peacekeepers
Box 12.2 Key capability gaps in UN peacekeeping operations, May 2017
12.2 Why do states provide peacekeepers?
Realist-inspired explanations
Liberal explanations
The impure public goods approach
Bureaucratic and civil–military relations explanations
Conclusion
13Regionalization
13.1 Regionalization and trends in peace operations
Box 13.1 Boutros-Ghali on the UN and regional arrangements, 1992
13.2 The strengths and weaknesses of regional peace operations
Potential advantages
Potential disadvantages
13.3 Regional peace operations in practice
ECOWAS and the UN in Liberia (1990–7)
The Pacific Islands Forum and the Solomon Islands (2003–17)
ECOMIG in The Gambia (2017–present)
Conclusion
14Privatization
14.1 The private security industry and peace operations
Box 14.1 The International Stability Operations Association (ISOA)
14.2 The costs and benefits of privatizing peace operations
Box 14.2 Bancroft Global Development’s support to AMISOM in Somalia
Potential benefits
Potential costs
14.3 A future of privatized peace enforcement?
Box 14.3 Executive Outcomes in Angola, 1993–5
Conclusion
15Use of Force
15.1 The evolution of force in peace operations
15.2 Key questions about using force in peace operations
Does using force break the UN’s basic principles of peacekeeping?
Should peacekeepers use offensive military force?
Can peacekeepers use military force effectively?
Is there a sensible international division of labour for using force in peace operations?
What have been the main unintended consequences of peacekeepers using military force?
Conclusion
16Civilian Protection
16.1 The rise and evolution of POC mandates
16.2 Consequences of POC mandates
16.3 Tensions and challenges raised by POC mandates
POC and impartiality
POC and consent
POC and peace processes
POC and force protection
POC and (lack of) preparedness
16.4 Assessing and reforming the UN’s POC record
Assessing POC results
Reforming POC missions
Conclusion
17Gender
17.1 Peace operations and the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda
17.2 Increasing women’s participation in peace operations
17.3 Sexual exploitation and abuse in peace operations
Box 17.1 Barriers to the deployment of uniformed women in peace operations
Military cultures
Impunity and a lack of accountability
Economic inequalities and a foreign military presence
Conclusion
18Policing
18.1 The evolution of policing in peace operations
Box 18.1 United Nations police mandated tasks, most to least frequent, 1995–2013
Box 18.2 Types of police peacekeepers
18.2 Approaches to policing in peace operations
Capacity-building
Traditional policing
Box 18.3 Traditional policing in ONUMOZ
Multidimensional activities
Executive policing
Box 18.4 Executive policing in Kosovo
18.3 Challenges facing police peacekeepers
Conclusion
19Organized Crime
19.1 Organized crime and peace operations: growing convergence
Box 19.1 Blue helmets and black markets in the siege of Sarajevo
19.2 Peacekeepers and organized crime
Peacekeepers confront varied forms of organized crime
Peacekeepers have varied effects on organized crime
Peacekeepers adopt varied responses to organized crime
19.3 Responding to organized crime
Analysis and assessment
Mandating and deploying the right tools
Curtailing the flow of illicit resources
Conclusion
20Exit
20.1 Exit in theory and practice
Successor mission(s)
Cut and run
Expulsion
Sequencing
Designated timetable
Benchmarking
20.2 Political challenges
20.3 Operational challenges
20.4 Economic challenges
Conclusion
AppendixPeace Operations, 1947–2019
References
Index
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