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Ancient protoroots that formed modern languages
1. The sound “l’”
2. The growling sound of aggression “r”
3. “Ra” is the sun, “ar” is the earth
4. The sounds of breathing: “kho”, “go”, “kha”, “ga”, “ka”, “aga”, “po” and others. “Ego” and “echo”
5. The sounds of food: “m” and “n”
6. The sound of food “n” as a negative sound
7. The sounds of water: “s” and others
8. The sounds of contact, knocking. and “poking”: “t” and “d”
9. The sounds of drinking: “ms”
10. The protoroots “ai/ay” [aɪ] up. and “ia/ya” down
11. The most popular ancient protoroot: “kale”, “gale” and “liga”
12. A combination of breathing sounds. and an aggressive “r” sound: “kr-gr”, “rk-rg” and “pr-rp”
13. The sound of food “m” and the aggressive protoroot “r”: “mr” and “rm”
14. The sounds of contact, “poking” and the aggressive sound “r”: “tr” and “dr”
15. Ancient prepositions
16. The combination of protoroots (ancient prepositions) “do” and “no”: “dono”
17. Protoroots “kov”, “sak” and “skvo” in the names of the locality
18. Protoroots “var” and “bar”: about the “berlogas” of ancient ancestors
Ancient toponyms
1. Reservoirs are sources of drinking water. Toponyms formed by the protoroot “ms”: Moscow, Mississippi, Damascus, Thames, Maas, Moselle, Mosul, Miass, Misyash, Kamysla, Mzymta, Tsemes, Dagomys, Myshako, Maskaga, Homs, Matsesta, Matsura, Masa, Missouri, Michigan, Muchka, Mozhga and hundreds of others
2. Mesopotamia
3. Descendant, Putamish, Megapotamo, Mesa Potamos and Mylopotamos of Greece
4. About the geographical name Vatican
5. Deep rivers and reservoirs. Toponyms formed by the protoroot “dono”: Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Danube, Jordan, Sudan, Covadonga, Sidon, Caledonia, Macedonia, Dongola, Medina, Magadan, Grodno, Andenn, Wiesbaden, Aberdeen, Ardennes, the ancient village of Rudnevo and the city of London
6. Roads on world maps. Toponyms formed by the protoroot “ga”: Kovadonga, The Hague, Malaga, Gagra, Gagripsh, Prague, Taganrog, Taganay, Palanga, Senezh (Senega), Kitezh (Kitega), Voronezh (Voronega), Radonezh (Radonega)
7. Roadsby water. The names of rivers and reservoirs formed by the protoroot “ga”: Ganges, Oka, Onega, Vetluga, Luga, Kaluga, Amga, Volga, Koelga, Kalka, Yuga, Pichuga, Lugano, Voronezh, Trubezh, Kuyegan, Voldepyegan, Nyurumyegan, Bug and others
8. Favorite and convenient roads of the planet. Toponyms formed by the root “kale/cale”, “gale”: Calais, Caledonia, Dongola, Kiel, Gelendzhik, Galis, Calcutta, Kalyan, Cagliari, Gulf Stream, Senegal, Oklahoma, Klyazma and others
9. About Lake Baikal
10. Toponyms formed by the practice of “rm” – “rama”: Rome, Ramenki, Ramenskoye, Rambouillet, Ramigala, Ramstein, Ramanagara, Rampur, Ramallah, Parma and Perm
11. Toponyms formed by the protoroot “mr”: Pomerania, Marseille, Marignan, Amur, Taimyr, Morocco, Murmansk, Morshansk, Murcia, Marbella, Morkam, Maardu, Izmir (Smyrna), Mersin, Maruy, Cameroon, Weimar, Gomorrah, Almera, Comoros and others
12. Mountains. Toponyms formed by the “ay/ai” root: Taganay, Ayu-Dag, Ai-Petri, Ai-Foka, Ai-George, Ai-Todor, Ai-Vita, Ayos-Nikolaos, Aikuaivenchorr, Sinai, Aino, Aizu, Odaigahara, Idaho, Iowa, Ai, Uy, Altai, Aigir, Qinghai, Shanghai, Hainan, Haikou, Qiunhai, Hokai, Hokkaido, El Ain, Kailas, Haifa, Dubai, Ain Mlila, Taiwan, Taipei, Aichi, Aichi-Mohk, Aksai and others
13. Mountains. Toponyms formed by the protoroot “ya” – “down”: Yalta, Jaffa (Yaffa), Yokohama, Yangtze, Genoa (Genua), Chania and others
14. All rivers flow down. Varieties of protoroot “ya” in the names of the rivers: Yaya, Yauza, Yarenga, Yangchui, Yangoda, Yana, Yama, Yaik, Yayva, Yazva, Klyazma, Yangtze, Iya, Chuya, Zea, Yantai, Vyatka, Yu, Yug, Yuga, Jurga, Yue, Yukon, Yuryuzan, Yekulsau-au-Fiedlum, Yekulsau-au-dal, Iyjoki, Yegan, Velyugan, Kuyegan, Voldepyegan, Nyurumyegan and many others
15. Mountains. Toponyms formed by a combination of the roots “ay” and “ya” (up and down): Ayia, Ayas, Ayia Napa, Hawaii, Sayan, Jamaica, Bejaya. Hagia Sophia Cathedral
16. Mount Olympus
17. Mount Zion
18. “Diry” (holes) on the geographical maps of the planet. Toponyms formed by the protoroot “tr-dr”: Troy, Dardanelles, Trebizond, Dresden, Drissa, Trieste, Tripoli, Tripolis, Trepol, Trshynets, Trzebic, Drammenselva, Truskavets, Drohobych, Drava, Trois, Drozdna and others
19. The cult of fire in the toponyms of the planet. Toponyms formed by the protoroot “pr”: Nippur, Puri, Jabalpur, Nagpur, Kanpur, Rampur, Tiruppur, Durgapur, Singapore, Pyakupur, Piraeus, Pyrgos, Perea, Perdika, Pornik, Perorad, PerrosGirek, Portsmouth, Perpignan, Porto, Pyrenees, Parthenon
20. About the “berloga” (dens) of our ancestors. Toponyms formed by the protoroots of “bp” and “br”: Berlin, Varna, Beirut, Le Havre, Tver, Cambridge, Worms, Bristol, Liverpool, Chebarkul, Strasbourg, Birobidzhan and hundreds of others
21. The city of Paris
22. Roads of farmers and pastoralists. Toponyms formed by roots: “kov”, “sak” and “skvo/squaw”: Moscow, Kovel, Pskov, Krakow, Covent Garden, Kharkov, Glasgow, Kaunas, Sakhalin, Sakasena, Sakmara, Sahara, Squaw Valley and others
Afterword
Dear friends,
Since your childhood, studying geography, you probably have noticed that many geographical denominations are very similar to each other.For example, the rivers or the lakes. There are the Miass, the Masa, and the Lake Misiash in the Urals; the Moscow, the Msta and the Mius in the center of Russia; the Meuse, the Moselle and the Thames in Europe; the Mosul and the Homs in the Middle East; the Mississippi and the Missouri in the USA.In another case, the denominations of rivers are similar to the “d” and “n” sounds. For example, the Don, the Danube, the Dnieper, the Dniester, the Jordan, the Medina, the Aberdeen and others. However, these are only the most famous rivers.The names of the mountains have their own peculiarity: Ai-Petri, Ai-Foka, Aigir, Aikuaivenchorr, Aino, Aizu, Iowa, Idaho, Altai and Sinai. Therefore, there are many of such repetitive, similardenominations. How did such a similarity develop? Is it randomness or a regularity? Scientists often try to explain the origin and meaning of toponyms through the local languages of peoples who live in these areas now or lived in the past. This is a deeply wrong approach. Toponyms appeared much earlier, in very ancient times.Thousands and thousands of years ago, our ancestors marked the habitat depending on the features of the landscape, and marked it in that ancient language, which has changed significantly over thousands of years of its developing. Geographical objects were given names strictly corresponding to these very features, laying in them a semantic meaning explaining what kind of object it is. Then, migrating and settling new territories, they marked the new area in the same way, assigning names to new geographical objects in the established semantic paradigm.
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Protoroot “ya” formed words such as yama, yasnyi (clear), yakor’ (anchor), yati (clear), yamega (seam in a sheepskin coat or fishing nets), and others. This protoroot found in the names Yokohama or Rambouillet, but more often simultaneously with protoroot “ay/ai”. For example, Sayans (s-ai-ya-na), Hawaii (ga-v-ai-ya) or our Crimean Aya (ai-ya), literally “up and down”.
With the development of language, people have learned to supplement the meanings of individual sounds with other sounds that complement, explain and expand their meaning. This is how stable combinations appeared, forming complex protoroots. Let us consider the combination of the sounds of breathing “ga-ka” – path-road and the soft sound “l’” – beloved, pleasant, comfortable, desirable and even divine.
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