Poisons, Their Effects and Detection

Оглавление

Alexander Wynter Blyth. Poisons, Their Effects and Detection

Poisons, Their Effects and Detection

Table of Contents

PART I.—INTRODUCTORY

I.—The Old Poison-Lore

II.—Growth and Development of the Modern Methods of Chemically Detecting Poisons

PART II

I.—Definition of Poison

II.—Classification of Poisons

A. Poisons causing Death immediately, or in a few minutes

B. Irritant Poisons (symptoms mainly pain, vomiting, and purging)

C. Irritant and Narcotic Poisons (symptoms those of an irritant nature, with the addition of more or less pronounced cerebral indications)

D. Poisons more especially affecting the Nervous System

I. POISONS WHICH CAUSE COARSE ANATOMICAL CHANGES OF THE ORGANS

II. BLOOD POISONS

III. POISONS WHICH KILL WITHOUT THE PRODUCTION OF COARSE ANATOMICAL CHANGE

IV. POISONOUS PRODUCTS OF TISSUE CHANGE

A.—POISONOUS GASES

B.—ACIDS AND ALKALIES

C.—POISONOUS SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF BEING SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION FROM EITHER NEUTRAL OR ACID LIQUIDS

D.—ALKALOIDS AND POISONOUS VEGETABLE PRINCIPLES SEPARATED FOR THE MOST PART BY ALCOHOLIC SOLVENTS. DIVISION I.—Vegetable Alkaloids

DIVISION II.—Glucosides

DIVISION III.—Certain Poisonous Anhydrides of the Organic Acids

DIVISION IV.—Various Vegetable Poisonous Principles not admitting of Classification under the previous Three Divisions

E.—POISONS DERIVED FROM LIVING OR DEAD ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. DIVISION I.—Poisons Secreted by the Living

DIVISION II.—Poisons formed in Dead Animal Matters

F.—THE OXALIC ACID GROUP. G.—INORGANIC POISONS. DIVISION I.—Precipitated from a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Hydric Sulphide—Precipitate, Yellow or Orange

DIVISION II.—Precipitated by Hydric Sulphide in Hydrochloric acid Solution—Black

DIVISION III.—Precipitated from a Neutral Solution by Hydric Sulphide

DIVISION IV.—Precipitated by Ammonia Sulphide

DIVISION V.—Alkaline Earths

III.—Statistics

Criminal Poisoning

IV.—The Connection between Toxic Action and Chemical Composition

V.—Life-Tests; or the Identification of Poison by Experiments on Animals

VI.—General Method of Procedure in Searching for Poison

AUTENRIETH’S GENERAL PROCESS

I. SUBSTANCES SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION

II. ORGANIC POISONS NOT VOLATILE IN ACID SOLUTION

III. METALS

INVESTIGATION OF THE SULPHIDES SOLUBLE IN AMMONIUM SULPHIDE, VIZ., ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, TIN

INVESTIGATION OF THE SULPHIDES INSOLUBLE IN SULPHIDE OF AMMONIUM, VIZ., MERCURY, LEAD, COPPER, CADMIUM

SEARCH FOR ZINC AND CHROMIUM

INVESTIGATION OF THE RESIDUE (p. 52) AFTER THE TREATMENT OF THE ORIGINAL SUBSTANCE WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND POTASSIC CHLORATE FOR PRESENCE OF SILVER CHLORIDE, LEAD AND BARIUM SULPHATES

VII.—The Spectroscope as an aid to the Identification of certain Poisons

Examination of Blood, or of Blood-Stains

PART III.—POISONOUS GASES: CARBON MONOXIDE—CHLORINE—HYDRIC SULPHIDE

I.—Carbon Monoxide

II.—Chlorine

III.—Hydric Sulphide (Sulphuretted Hydrogen)

PART IV.—ACIDS AND ALKALIES

I.—Sulphuric Acid

Detection and Estimation of Free Sulphuric Acid

II.—Hydrochloric Acid

Detection and Estimation of Free Hydrochloric Acid

III.—Nitric Acid

IV.—Acetic Acid

V.—Ammonia

VI.—Caustic Potash and Soda

VII.—Neutral Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Salts

Detection and Estimation of Potassic Chlorate

Toxicological Detection of Alkali Salts

PART V.—MORE OR LESS VOLATILE POISONOUS SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF BEING SEPARATED BY DISTILLATION FROM NEUTRAL OR ACID LIQUIDS

I.—Hydrocarbons

1. PETROLEUM

2. COAL-TAR-NAPHTHA—BENZENE

DETECTION AND SEPARATION OF BENZENE

3. TERPENES—ESSENTIAL OILS—OIL OF TURPENTINE

4. OIL OF TURPENTINE—SPIRIT OF TURPENTINE—“TURPS.”

II.—Camphor

III.—Alcohols

1. ETHYLIC ALCOHOL

2. AMYLIC ALCOHOL

IV.—Ether

V.—Chloroform

Poisonous Effects of Chloroform. 1. AS A LIQUID

2. THE VAPOUR OF CHLOROFORM

VI.—Other Anæsthetics

VII.—Chloral

VIII.—Bisulphide of Carbon

IX.—The Tar Acids—Phenol—Cresol

Tests for Carbolic Acid

X.—Nitro-Benzene

XI.—Dinitro-benzol

XII.—Hydrocyanic Acid

Poisonous Cyanides other than Hydric and Potassic Cyanides

XIII.—Phosphorus

PART VI.—ALKALOIDS AND POISONOUS VEGETABLE PRINCIPLES SEPARATED FOR THE MOST PART BY ALCOHOLIC SOLVENTS

DIVISION I.—VEGETABLE ALKALOIDS

I.—General Methods of Testing and Extracting Alkaloids

METHODS OF SEPARATION

Shorter Process for Separating some of the Alkaloids

II.—Liquid Volatile Alkaloids

1. THE ALKALOIDS OF HEMLOCK (CONIUM)

2. TOBACCO—NICOTINE

3. PITURIE.[364]

4. SPARTEINE

5. ANILINE

III.—The Opium Group of Alkaloids

(1.) Officinal

(2.) Patent and other Non-Officinal Preparations of Opium

IV.—The Strychnine or Tetanus-Producing[422] Group of Alkaloids

1. NUX VOMICA GROUP—STRYCHNINE—BRUCINE—IGASURINE

2. THE QUEBRACHO GROUP OF ALKALOIDS

3. PEREIRINE

4. GELSEMINE

5. COCAINE

6. CORYDALINE

V.—The Aconite Group of Alkaloids

VI.—The Mydriatic Group of Alkaloids—Atropine—Hyoscyamine—Solanine—Cytisine. 1. ATROPINE

2. HYOSCYAMINE

3. HYOSCINE

4. SOLANINE

5. CYTISINE

VII.—The Alkaloids of the Veratrums

VIII.—Physostigmine

IX.—Pilocarpine

X.—Taxine

XI.—Curarine

XII.—Colchicine

XIII.—Muscarine and the Active Principles of Certain Fungi

DIVISION II.—GLUCOSIDES

I.—Digitalis Group

II.—Other Poisonous Glucosides Acting on the Heart

1. CRYSTALLISABLE GLUCOSIDES

2. SUBSTANCES PARTLY CRYSTALLISABLE BUT WHICH ARE NOT GLUCOSIDES

3. NON-CRYSTALLISABLE GLUCOSIDES ALMOST INSOLUBLE IN WATER

4. SUBSTANCES WHICH, WITH OTHER TOXIC EFFECTS, BEHAVE LIKE THE DIGITALIS

III.—Saponin—Saponin Substances

DIVISION III.—CERTAIN POISONOUS ANHYDRIDES OF ORGANIC ACIDS

I.—Santonin

II.—Mezereon

DIVISION IV.—VARIOUS VEGETABLE POISONOUS PRINCIPLES—NOT ADMITTING OF CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE PREVIOUS THREE DIVISIONS

I.—Ergot of Rye

II.—Picrotoxin, the Active Principle of the Cocculus indicus (Indian Berry, Levant Nut)

III.—The Poison of Illicium Religiosum—A Japanese Plant

IV.—Picric Acid and Picrates

V.—Cicutoxin

VI.—Æthusa Cynapium (Fool’s Parsley)

VII.—Œnanthe Crocata

VIII.—Oil of Savin

IX.—Croton Oil

X.—The Toxalbumins of Castor-Oil Seeds and of Abrus

XI.—Ictrogen

XII.—Cotton Seeds

XIII.—Lathyrus Sativus

XIV.—Arum—Bryony—Locust Tree—Male Fern

PART VII.—POISONS DERIVED FROM LIVING OR DEAD ANIMAL SUBSTANCES

DIVISION I.—POISONS SECRETED BY LIVING ANIMALS

I.—Poisonous Amphibia

II.—The Poison of the Scorpion

III.—Poisonous Fish

IV.—Poisonous Spiders and Other Insects

V.—Snake Poison

DIVISION II.—PTOMAINES—TOXINES

Isolation of Ptomaines

Diamines

DIVISION III.—FOOD POISONING

PART VIII.—THE OXALIC ACID GROUP OF POISONS

CERTAIN OXALIC BASES—OXALMETHYLINE—OXALPROPYLINE

PART IX.—INORGANIC POISONS

I.—PRECIPITATED FROM A HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTION BY HYDRIC SULPHIDE—PRECIPITATE YELLOW OR ORANGE.[700] Arsenic—Antimony—Cadmium

1. ARSENIC

2. ANTIMONY

3. CADMIUM

II.—PRECIPITATED BY HYDRIC SULPHIDE IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTION—BLACK. Lead—Copper—Bismuth—Silver—Mercury

1. LEAD

2. COPPER

Special Examinations for Copper

3. BISMUTH

4. SILVER

5. MERCURY

III.—PRECIPITATED BY HYDRIC SULPHIDE FROM A NEUTRAL SOLUTION. Zinc—Nickel—Cobalt

1. ZINC

2. NICKEL—COBALT

IV.—PRECIPITATED BY AMMONIUM SULPHIDE. Iron—Chromium—Thallium—Aluminium—Uranium

1. IRON

2. CHROMIUM

3. THALLIUM

4. ALUMINIUM

5. URANIUM

V.—ALKALINE EARTHS

Barium

APPENDIX

Treatment by Antidotes or otherwise of Cases of Poisoning

I. Instruments:—

II. Emetics:—

III. Antidotes:—

TREATMENT

DOMESTIC READY REMEDIES FOR POISONING

INDEX

Отрывок из книги

Alexander Wynter Blyth

A Manual for the Use of Analytical Chemists and Experts

.....

[26] Orfila’s chief works are as follows:— Traité de Toxicologie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1814. Leçons de Chimie, appliquées à la Méd. Pratique. 16mo. Brussels, 1836. Mémoire sur la Nicotine et la Conicine. Paris, 1851. Leçons de la Méd. Légale. 8vo. Paris, 1821. Traité des Exhumations Juridiques, et Considérations sur les Changemens Physiques que les Cadavres éprouvent en se pourrissant. 2 tom. Paris, 1831.

§ 12. The discovery of the alkaloids at the commencement of this century certainly gave the poisoner new weapons; yet the same processes (slightly modified) which separated the alkaloids from plants also served to separate them from the human body. In 1803 Derosne discovered narcotine and morphine, but he neither recognised the difference between these two substances, nor their basic properties. Sertürner from 1805 devoted himself to the study of opium, and made a series of discoveries. Robiquet, in 1807, recognised the basic characters of narcotine. In 1818 Pelletier and Caventou separated strychnine; in 1819 brucine; and in the same year delphinine was discovered simultaneously by Brande, Lassaigne, and Feneuille. Coniine was recognised by Giesecke in 1827, and in the following year, 1828, nicotine was separated by Reimann and Posselt. In 1832 Robiquet discovered codeine; and in 1833 atropine, aconitine, and hyoscyamine were distinguished by Geiger and Hesse. Since then, every year has been marked by the separation of some new alkaloid, from either animal or vegetable substances. So many workers in different countries now began to study and improve toxicology, that it would exceed the limits and be foreign to the scope of this treatise to give even a brief résumé of their labours. It may, notwithstanding, be useful to append a short bibliography of the chief works on toxicology of the present century.

.....