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DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA

Book One

Introduction

Special Introduction By Hon. John T. Morgan

Hon. John T. Morgan

Special Introduction By Hon. John J. Ingalls

Introductory Chapter

Chapter I: Exterior Form Of North America

Chapter Summary

Chapter II: Origin Of The Anglo-Americans—Part I

Chapter Summary

Chapter II: Origin Of The Anglo-Americans—Part II

Chapter III: Social Conditions Of The Anglo-Americans

Chapter Summary

Chapter IV: The Principle Of The Sovereignty Of The People In America

Chapter Summary

Chapter V: Necessity Of Examining The Condition Of The States—Part I

Chapter V: Necessity Of Examining The Condition Of The States—Part II

Chapter V: Necessity Of Examining The Condition Of The States—Part III

Legislative Power Of The State

Chapter VI: Judicial Power In The United States

Chapter Summary

Chapter VII: Political Jurisdiction In The United States

Chapter Summary

Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part I

Chapter Summary

Summary Of The Federal Constitution

Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part II

Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part III

Re-election Of The President

Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part IV

Procedure Of The Federal Courts

Chapter VIII: The Federal Constitution—Part V

Chapter IX: Why The People May Strictly Be Said To Govern In The United

Chapter X: Parties In The United States

Chapter Summary

Parties In The United States

Chapter XI: Liberty Of The Press In The United States

Chapter Summary

Chapter XII: Political Associations In The United States

Chapter Summary

Chapter XIII: Government Of The Democracy In America—Part I

Chapter XIII: Government Of The Democracy In America—Part II

Instability Of The Administration In The United States

Chapter XIII: Government Of The Democracy In America—Part III

Chapter XIV: Advantages American Society Derive From Democracy—Part I

Chapter XIV: Advantages American Society Derive From Democracy—Part II

Respect For The Law In The United States

Chapter XV: Unlimited Power Of Majority, And Its Consequences—Part I

Chapter Summary

Chapter XV: Unlimited Power Of Majority, And Its Consequences—Part II

Tyranny Of The Majority

Chapter XVI: Causes Mitigating Tyranny In The United States—Part I

Chapter Summary

Chapter XVI: Causes Mitigating Tyranny In The United States—Part II

Trial By Jury In The United States Considered As A Political Institution

Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part I

Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part II

Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part III

Chapter XVII: Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic—Part IV

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races In The United States—Part I

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part II

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part III

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part IV

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part V

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part VI

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part VII

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part VIII

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part IX

Chapter XVIII: Future Condition Of Three Races—Part X

Conclusion

DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA

Volume II.

Book Two: Influence Of Democracy On Progress Of Opinion in The United States

De Tocqueville's Preface To The Second Part

Section I: Influence of Democracy on the Action of Intellect in The United States.

Chapter I: Philosophical Method Among the Americans

Chapter II: Of The Principal Source Of Belief Among Democratic Nations

Chapter III: Why The Americans Display More Readiness And More Taste For General Ideas Than Their Forefathers, The English.

Chapter IV: Why The Americans Have Never Been So Eager As The French For General Ideas In Political Matters

Chapter V: Of The Manner In Which Religion In The United States Avails Itself Of Democratic Tendencies

Chapter VI: Of The Progress Of Roman Catholicism In The United States

Chapter VII: Of The Cause Of A Leaning To Pantheism Amongst Democratic Nations

Chapter VIII: The Principle Of Equality Suggests To The Americans The Idea Of The Indefinite Perfectibility Of Man

Chapter IX: The Example Of The Americans Does Not Prove That A Democratic People Can Have No Aptitude And No Taste For Science, Literature, Or Art

Chapter X: Why The Americans Are More Addicted To Practical Than To Theoretical Science

Chapter XI: Of The Spirit In Which The Americans Cultivate The Arts

Chapter XII: Why The Americans Raise Some Monuments So Insignificant, And Others So Important

Chapter XIII: Literary Characteristics Of Democratic Ages

Chapter XIV: The Trade Of Literature

Chapter XV: The Study Of Greek And Latin Literature Peculiarly Useful In Democratic Communities

Chapter XVI: The Effect Of Democracy On Language

Chapter XVII: Of Some Of The Sources Of Poetry Amongst Democratic Nations

Chapter XVIII: Of The Inflated Style Of American Writers And Orators

Chapter XIX: Some Observations On The Drama Amongst Democratic Nations

Chapter XX: Characteristics Of Historians In Democratic Ages

Chapter XXI: Of Parliamentary Eloquence In The United States

Section 2: Influence of Democracy on the Feelings of Americans

Chapter I: Why Democratic Nations Show A More Ardent And Enduring Love Of Equality Than Of Liberty

Chapter II: Of Individualism In Democratic Countries

Chapter III: Individualism Stronger At The Close Of A Democratic Revolution Than At Other Periods

Chapter IV: That The Americans Combat The Effects Of Individualism By Free Institutions

Chapter V: Of The Use Which The Americans Make Of Public Associations In Civil Life

Chapter VI: Of The Relation Between Public Associations And Newspapers

Chapter VII: Connection Of Civil And Political Associations

Chapter VIII: The Americans Combat Individualism By The Principle Of Interest Rightly Understood

Chapter IX: That The Americans Apply The Principle Of Interest Rightly Understood To Religious Matters

Chapter X: Of The Taste For Physical Well-Being In America

Chapter XI: Peculiar Effects Of The Love Of Physical Gratifications In Democratic Ages

Chapter XII: Causes Of Fanatical Enthusiasm In Some Americans

Chapter XIII: Causes Of The Restless Spirit Of Americans In The Midst Of Their Prosperity

Chapter XIV: Taste For Physical Gratifications United In America To Love Of Freedom And Attention To Public Affairs

Chapter XV: That Religious Belief Sometimes Turns The Thoughts Of The Americans To Immaterial Pleasures

Chapter XVI: That Excessive Care Of Worldly Welfare May Impair That Welfare

Chapter XVII: That In Times Marked By Equality Of Conditions And Sceptical Opinions, It Is Important To Remove To A Distance The Objects Of Human Actions

Chapter XVIII: That Amongst The Americans All Honest Callings Are Honorable

Chapter XIX: That Almost All The Americans Follow Industrial Callings

Chapter XX: That Aristocracy May Be Engendered By Manufactures

Book Three: Influence Of Democracy On Manners, Properly So Called

Chapter I: That Manners Are Softened As Social Conditions Become More Equal

Chapter II: That Democracy Renders The Habitual Intercourse Of The Americans Simple And Easy

Chapter III: Why The Americans Show So Little Sensitiveness In Their Own Country, And Are So Sensitive In Europe

Chapter IV: Consequences Of The Three Preceding Chapters

Chapter V: How Democracy Affects the Relation Of Masters And Servants

Chapter VI: That Democratic Institutions And Manners Tend To Raise Rents And Shorten The Terms Of Leases

Chapter VII: Influence Of Democracy On Wages

Chapter VIII: Influence Of Democracy On Kindred

Chapter IX: Education Of Young Women In The United States

Chapter X: The Young Woman In The Character Of A Wife

Chapter XI: That The Equality Of Conditions Contributes To The Maintenance Of Good Morals In America

Chapter XII: How The Americans Understand The Equality Of The Sexes

Chapter XIII: That The Principle Of Equality Naturally Divides The Americans Into A Number Of Small Private Circles

Chapter XIV: Some Reflections On American Manners

Chapter XV: Of The Gravity Of The Americans, And Why It Does Not Prevent Them From Often Committing Inconsiderate Actions

Chapter XVI: Why The National Vanity Of The Americans Is More Restless And Captious Than That Of The English

Chapter XVII: That The Aspect Of Society In The United States Is At Once Excited And Monotonous

Chapter XVIII: Of Honor In The United States And In Democratic Communities

Chapter XIX: Why So Many Ambitious Men And So Little Lofty Ambition Are To Be Found In The United States

Chapter XX: The Trade Of Place-Hunting In Certain Democratic Countries

Chapter XXI: Why Great Revolutions Will Become More Rare

Chapter XXII: Why Democratic Nations Are Naturally Desirous Of Peace, And Democratic Armies Of War

Chapter XXIII: Which Is The Most Warlike And Most Revolutionary Class In Democratic Armies?

Chapter XXIV: Causes Which Render Democratic Armies Weaker Than Other Armies At The Outset Of A Campaign, And More Formidable In Protracted Warfare

Chapter XXV: Of Discipline In Democratic Armies

Chapter XXVI: Some Considerations On War In Democratic Communities

Book Four: Influence Of Democratic Opinions On Political Society

Chapter I: That Equality Naturally Gives Men A Taste For Free Institutions

Chapter II: That The Notions Of Democratic Nations On Government Are Naturally Favorable To The Concentration Of Power

Chapter III: That The Sentiments Of Democratic Nations Accord With Their Opinions In Leading Them To Concentrate Political Power

Chapter IV: Of Certain Peculiar And Accidental Causes Which Either Lead A People To Complete Centralization Of Government, Or Which Divert Them From It

Chapter V: That Amongst The European Nations Of Our Time The Power Of Governments Is Increasing, Although The Persons Who Govern Are Less Stable

Chapter VI: What Sort Of Despotism Democratic Nations Have To Fear

Chapter VII: Continuation Of The Preceding Chapters

Chapter VIII: General Survey Of The Subject

APPENDIX TO PARTS I. AND II.

Part I.

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Appendix F

Part II.

Appendix G

Appendix H

Appendix I

Appendix K

Appendix L

Appendix M

Appendix N

Appendix O

Appendix P

Appendix Q

Appendix R

Appendix S

Appendix T

Appendix U

Appendix V

Appendix W

Appendix X

Appendix Y

Appendix Z

Constitution Of The United States Of America

Article I

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members of

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed

Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for

Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns

Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation

Section 7. All Bills for Raising Revenue shall originate in the House of

Section 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes,

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the

Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or

Article II

Section 1. The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the

Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and

Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information

Section 4. The President, Vice-President and all civil Officers of the

Article III

Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in

Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all cases, in Law and

Section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in

Article IV

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the

Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this

Article V

Article VI

Article VII

Bill Of Rights

AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE. With Notes, by Hon. John C. Spencer.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, BY A.S. BARNES & CO., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.

ADVERTISEMENT.

PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS.

CHAPTER I.

EXTERIOR FORM OF NORTH AMERICA.

CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER III.

SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS.

POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE IN AMERICA.

CHAPTER V.

THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF TOWNSHIPS AND MUNICIPAL BODIES.{63}

LIMITS OF THE TOWNSHIP.

AUTHORITIES OF THE TOWNSHIP IN NEW ENGLAND.

EXISTENCE OF THE TOWNSHIP.

PUBLIC SPIRIT OF THE TOWNSHIPS OF NEW ENGLAND.

THE COUNTIES OF NEW ENGLAND.

ADMINISTRATION IN NEW ENGLAND.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

OF THE STATE.

LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE STATE.

THE EXECUTIVE POWER OF THE STATE.

CHAPTER VI.

OTHER POWERS GRANTED TO THE AMERICAN JUDGES.

CHAPTER VII.

POLITICAL JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.

HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.

SUMMARY OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.

PREROGATIVE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

FEDERAL POWERS.

LEGISLATIVE POWERS.

THE EXECUTIVE POWER.{134}

ACCIDENTAL CAUSES WHICH MAY INCREASE THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXECUTIVE.

ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT.

MODE OF ELECTION.

CRISIS OF THE ELECTION.

RE-ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT.

FEDERAL COURTS.{142}

MEANS OF DETERMINING THE JURISDICTION OF THE FEDERAL COURTS.

DIFFERENT CASES OF JURISDICTION.

PROCEDURE OF THE FEDERAL COURTS.

HIGH RANK OF THE SUPREME COURTS AMONG THE GREAT POWERS OF STATE.

CHAPTER IX.

WHY THE PEOPLE MAY STRICTLY BE SAID TO GOVERN IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER X.

PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

REMAINS OF THE ARISTOCRATIC PARTY IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER XI.

LIBERTY OF THE PRESS IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER XII.

POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER XIII.

GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA.

UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE.

CAUSES WHICH MAY PARTLY CORRECT THESE TENDENCIES OF THE DEMOCRACY.

PUBLIC OFFICERS UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE DEMOCRACY OF AMERICA.

INSTABILITY OF THE ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHARGES LEVIED BY THE STATE UNDER THE RULE OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.

EFFORTS OF WHICH A DEMOCRACY IS CAPABLE.

SELF-CONTROL OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.

CONDUCT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS BY THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.

CHAPTER XIV.

PUBLIC SPIRIT IN THE UNITED STATES.

NOTION OF RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES.

RESPECT FOR THE LAW IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER XV.

TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY.

POWER EXERCISED BY THE MAJORITY IN AMERICA UPON OPINION.

CHAPTER XVI.

CAUSES WHICH MITIGATE THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

ABSENCE OF CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION.

CHAPTER XVII.

PRINCIPAL CAUSES WHICH RENDER RELIGION POWERFUL IN AMERICA.

IMPORTANCE OF WHAT PRECEDES WITH RESPECT TO THE STATE OF EUROPE.

CHAPTER XVIII.

CONCLUSION.

APPENDICES

SUMMARY OF THE QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS IN THE UNITED STATES.

THE RECOLLECTIONS OF ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE PREFACE

FOOTNOTES:

CONTENTS

PART THE FIRST

ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE

CHAPTER I

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER II

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER III

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

PART THE SECOND

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

CHAPTER VI

CHAPTER VII

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VIII

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER IX

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER X

CHAPTER XI[12]

FOOTNOTES:

PART THE THIRD

MY TERM OF OFFICE

CHAPTER I

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER II

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

FOOTNOTES:

APPENDIX

I

FOOTNOTES:

II

III

IV

CORRESPONDENCE & CONVERSATIONS OF ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE

WITH NASSAU WILLIAM SENIOR

FROM 1834 TO 1859

EDITED BY

M.C.M. SIMPSON

IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME II

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME

APPENDIX.

TOCQUEVILLE DURING THE EMPIRE

FROM DECEMBER 23, 1851 TO APRIL 20, 1858.

CONVERSATIONS

PARIS, 1851-2.

CORRESPONDENCE.

N.W. SENIOR.

N.W. SENIOR.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

N.W. SENIOR.

N.W. SENIOR.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

N.W. SENIOR.

N.W. SENIOR.

CONVERSATIONS. CORRESPONDENCE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

H. GROTE.

CONVERSATIONS WITH MR. SENIOR.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

CONVERSATIONS.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

CONVERSATIONS.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

CONVERSATIONS.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A.W. SENIOR.

A.W. SENIOR.

A. DE. TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

CONVERSATIONS. CORRESPONDENCE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

CONVERSATIONS.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

N.W. SENIOR.

N.W. SENIOR.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

A. DE TOCQUEVILLE.

NASSAU W. SENIOR.

JOURNAL.

N.W. SENIOR.

ICI REPOSE

ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE.

NÉ 24 FEVRIER 1805. MORT 16 AVRIL 1859.

APPENDIX.

The Collected Works of Alexis de Tocqueville

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