Оглавление
Andrew Carnie. Syntax
Introducing Linguistics
Syntax. A Generative Introduction
Contents
Pages
Preface and Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Part 1. Preliminaries
Chapter 1. Generative Grammar. Learning Objectives
0. PRELIMINARIES
1. SYNTAX AS SCIENCE – THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Do Abstract Rules Really Exist?
Grammatical Gender vs. Sex vs. Personal Gender
Judgments as Science?
2. SYNTAX AS A COGNITIVE SCIENCE
3. MODELS OF SYNTAX
4. COMPETENCE VS. PERFORMANCE
5. A CLARIFICATION ON THE WORD “LANGUAGE”
6. WHERE DO THE RULES COME FROM?
Statistical Probability or UG?
7. CHOOSING AMONG THEORIES ABOUT SYNTAX
8. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE STRUCTURE OF THIS TEXTBOOK
9. CONCLUSION
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS
Notes
Chapter 2. Parts of Speech. Learning Objectives
0. WORDS AND WHY THEY MATTER TO SYNTAX
1. DETERMINING PART OF SPEECH
2. THE MAJOR PARTS OF SPEECH: N, V, ADJ, AND ADV
Adjectives and Adverbs: Part of the Same Category?
3. OPEN VS. CLOSED; LEXICAL VS. FUNCTIONAL
Are Numerals of Category D or Adj?
4. SUBCATEGORIES AND FEATURES
The Special Case of Possessive Pronouns
Did You Run the Race?
5. CONCLUSION
Notes
Chapter 3. Constituency, Trees, and Rules. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
The Psychological Reality of Constituency The Psychological Reality of Constituency
1. Rules and Trees
Relative Clauses
Recursion
2. HOW TO DRAW A TREE
To Line or Not?
Tree Drawing Software
3. MODIFICATION AND AMBIGUITY
4. CONSTITUENCY TESTS
When Constituency Tests Fail
5. CONSTITUENCY IN OTHER LANGUAGES
6. CONCLUSION
Notes
Chapter 4. Structural Relations. Learning Objectives
0 INTRODUCTION
1 THE PARTS OF A TREE
2 DOMINANCE
3 PRECEDENCE
4 C-COMMAND
5 GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS
6 CONCLUSIONS
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS. GPS1. TREES
GPS2. DOMINANCE
GPS3. EXHAUSTIVE DOMINANCE
GPS4. IMMEDIATE DOMINANCE
GPS5. PRECEDENCE
GPS6. IMMEDIATE PRECEDENCE
GPS7. C-COMMAND
GPS8. SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC C-COMMAND
GPS9. GOVERNMENT
GPS10. DRAW A TREE
GPS11. GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS I
GPS12. GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS II
GPS13. GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS III9
GPS14. STRUCTURAL RELATIONS10
GPS15. TZOTZIL
GPS16. HIAKI
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS. CPS1. DISCONTINUOUS CONSTITUENTS
CPS2. NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEMS
CPS3. IRISH
Notes
Chapter 5. Binding Theory. Learning Objectives
0 INTRODUCTION
1. THE NOTIONS COINDEX AND ANTECEDENT
2. BINDING
3. LOCALITY CONDITIONS ON THE BINDING OF ANAPHORS
4. THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRONOUNS
5. THE DISTRIBUTION OF R-EXPRESSIONS
6. WHY DOES BINDING THEORY MATTER TO SYNTACTICIANS
7. CONCLUSION
Notes
Part 2. The Base
Chapter 6. X-bar Theory. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. BAR-LEVEL PROJECTIONS
2. GENERALIZING THE RULES: THE X-BAR SCHEMA
3. COMPLEMENTS, ADJUNCTS, AND SPECIFIERS
4. SOME DEFINITIONAL HOUSEKEEPING
5. PARAMETERS OF WORD ORDER
6. DRAWING TREES IN X-BAR NOTATION
7. CONCLUSION
Notes
Chapter 7. Extending X-bar to Functional Categories. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. DETERMINER PHRASES (DPS)
2. A DESCRIPTIVE TANGENT INTO CLAUSE TYPES
Embedded Clauses are Part of Main Clauses
3. COMPLEMENTIZER PHRASES (CPS)
4. TENSE, PERFECT, PROGRESSIVE, AND VOICE PHRASES
Might Could
Notes
Chapter 8. Constraining X-bar: Theta Theory. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGY
2. THEMATIC RELATIONS AND THETA ROLES
3. THE LEXICON
4. EXPLETIVES AND THE EXTENDED PROJECTION PRINCIPLE
Two Kinds of It
5. CONCLUSION
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS
Challenge Problem Sets
Notes
Chapter 9. Theta Grids and Functional Categories. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. COMPLEMENTIZERS
Two Kinds of If
2. DETERMINERS
3. USING THETA GRIDS FOR ENGLISH AUXILIARIES AND MODALS
4. MAIN VERBS VS AUXILIARIES
5. CONCLUSION
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS
Notes
Part 3. Movement
Chapter 10. Head-to-Head Movement. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
Generative Power
1. VERB MOVEMENT (V → T)
A Digression on Flat Structure
2. T MOVEMENT (T → C)
VSO as Raising to C?
3. DO-SUPPORT
Why Don’t Negative Auxiliary Constructions Use Do-support?
APPENDIX: DETERMINING IF A LANGUAGE HAS MAIN VERB V → T
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
General Problem Sets. GPS1. ITALIAN
GPS2. HAITIAN CREOLE VERB PLACEMENT
GPS3. MULTIPLE AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTIONS
GPS4. WELSH
GPS5. VOICEP INTERNAL SUBJECTS: PRACTICE
GPS6. FLAT VS. HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE: BERBER
GPS7. AMERICAN VS. BRITISH ENGLISH VERB HAVE
GPS8. HEBREW CONSTRUCT STATE (N → D)
GPS10. ENGLISH TREES
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS. CPS1. FLOATING QUANTIFIERS
CPS2. VERB MOVEMENT12
CPS3. GERMANIC VERB SECOND
CPS4. PROPER NAMES AND PRONOUNS
CPS5. ITALIAN N → D13
CPS6. MUTSUN14
Notes
Chapter 11. 11 DP Movement. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
Trees for Predicates Like Is Likely
1. A PUZZLE FOR THE THEORY OF THETA ROLES
2. PASSIVES
Movement or Underlying External Theme?
3. CASE
Ergative/Absolutive Languages
4. RAISING: REPRISE
5. PASSIVES: REPRISE
6. INHERENTLY PASSIVE VERBS: UNACCUSATIVES
7. DP MOVEMENT IN SVO VS. VSO LANGUAGES
Transparency of Øactive
8. CONCLUSION
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PPROBLEM SETS. GPS1. HAITIAN CREOLE11
GPS2. SRE12
GPS3. ICELANDIC13
GPS4. PERSIAN ACCUSATIVE CASE15
GPS5. TURKISH16
GPS6. IMPERSONALS IN UKRAINIAN AND KANNADA17
GPS7. ENGLISH
GPS8 RAISING IN TŁĮCHǪ18
GPS9. ENGLISH UNGRAMMATICAL SENTENCES
GPS10. UNACCUSATIVES AND PASSIVES19
GPS11. ICELANDIC QUIRKY CASE21
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS. CPS1. THAT DOG DOESN’T HUNT
CPS 2. MIDDLES AND PASSIVES
CPS3. PASSIVES AND DOUBLE OBJECTS
CPS5. MORO24
CPS6. THETA ROLES AND CASE25
CPS7. CHEPANG ANTIPASSIVE27
Notes
Chapter 12. Wh-movement and Locality Constraints. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
Who and WhomWho and Whom
1. MOVEMENT IN WH-QUESTIONS
Traces and Wanna-contraction
2. RELATIVE CLAUSES
Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive Relative Clauses
3. ISLANDS
The That-trace Effect The That-trace Effect
4. THE MINIMAL LINK CONDITION
5. ECHO QUESTIONS (WH-IN-SITU) IN ENGLISH
6. CONCLUSION
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS. GPS1. ENGLISH MOVEMENT SENTENCES
GPS2: CHOAPAN ZAPOTEC8
GPS3. BINDING THEORY
GPS4. BINDING AND SCRAMBLING9
GPS5. PICTURE DPS
GPS6. LOCALITY
GPS8. IRISH
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS. CPS1. WHO ATE THE PIZZA?
CPS2. MOVEMENT AND BINDING THEORY
CPS3. IRISH
CPS4. FRENCH NEGATION
Notes
Chapter 13. A Unified Theory of Movement. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
The Minimalist Program The Minimalist Program
1. Move
2. Explaining Cross-Linguistic Differences
3. SCOPE, COVERT MOVEMENT, AND THE MLC
4. CONCLUSION
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS
Notes
Part 4. Advanced Topics
Chapter 14. 14 Ditransitives. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. THE PROBLEM OF DITRANSITIVE VERBS1
2. THE ACTIVE VOICE HEAD
3. OBJECT SHIFT
The Form of the Main Verb
4. DITRANSITIVES: REPRISE
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS
Notes
Chapter 15. Raising, Control, and Empty Categories. Learning Objectives
0. Introduction
1. RAISING VS. CONTROL
2. TWO KINDS OF RAISING, TWO KINDS OF CONTROL
3. CONTROL THEORY
4. ANOTHER KIND OF NULL SUBJECT: “LITTLE” pro
5. CONCLUSION
General Problem Sets
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS
Notes
Chapter 16. Ellipsis. Learning Objectives
0. ELLIPSIS
Gapping and Other Kinds of Ellipsis
1. LF-COPYING OR PF-DELETION
2. ANTECEDENT-CONTAINED DELETION AND PSEUDOGAPPING
3. CONCLUSION
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS
Notes
Chapter 17. Advanced Topics in Binding Theory. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION
2. THE DEFINITION OF BINDING DOMAIN
Ideas, Rules, and Constraints Introduced in this Chapter
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS
Notes
Chapter 18. Polysynthesis, Incorporation, and Non-configurationality. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. POLYSYNTHESIS
2. INCORPORATION
3. SCRAMBLING AND NON-CONFIGURATIONALITY
4. CONCLUSION
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS. GPS1. MAPADUNGUN INCORPORATION
GPS2. ONONDAGA
GPS3. MOHAWK WH-MOVEMENT AND INCORPORATION
GPS4. PONAPEAN
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS. CPS1. RADICAL PRO-DROP VS. SYNTAX-FREE
CPS2. VSO LANGUAGES AND INCORPORATION
CPS3. JAPANESE SCRAMBLING AND CONDITION C
CPS4. HYPOTHESES ABOUT NON-CONFIGURATIONALITY
Notes
Chapter 19. Merge. Learning Objectives
0. INTRODUCTION
1. EXTERNAL MERGE
2. INTERNAL MERGE
3. CONCLUSION
IDEAS, RULES, AND CONSTRAINTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER
GENERAL PROBLEM SETS. GPS1. EXTERNAL MERGE, SET REPRESENTATIONS
GPS2. EXTERNAL MERGE, TREE REPRESENTATIONS
GPS3. XPS, X’S AND HEADS
GPS4. INTERNAL MERGE
CHALLENGE PROBLEM SETS. CPS1. KOREAN WORD ORDER
CPS2. LINEAR ORDER WITH ADJUNCTS AND COMPLEMENTS
CPS3. HEAD MOVEMENT
Notes
Conclusions and Directions for Further Study
Notes
References
Index
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