Читать книгу Afrika dukɔwo - Андрей Тихомиров - Страница 1

Le gɔmeɖeɖe ɖeka nu la, nya "Afrika" tso Berber to Afrigia ƒe ŋkɔ me, amesiwo nɔ Afrika-nyigbagã ƒe dziehe, Roma nuto si nye Afrika hã nɔ afima. Roma ye ɖo Roma nuto si nye Afrika le ƒe 146 D.M.Ŋ. e. le teƒe si Carthage-dukɔa nɔ la, xɔ egbegbe Tunisia ƒe dzieheɣetoɖoƒekpa dzi. Le Fiaɖuƒea ƒe ɣeyiɣia me la, Afrika nye sewɔtakpekpe ƒe nutowo me tɔ eye nutodziɖula aɖee ɖua edzi. Fiaɖuƒea ƒe ɣeyiɣia ƒe dzesi enye alesi dugã me nuɖoanyia le dzidzedze kpɔm. Dugãwo xɔ gomenɔamesi siwo le nuto siwo dzi woɖu kple dudzikpɔƒewo si. Ame siwo xɔ aƒe ɖe dua me wue nye Romatɔ siwo xɔ anyigbaa kple nutoa me tɔwo ƒe ame ŋkuta siwo wotsɔ Romatɔwo wɔe. Le dekɔnuwo gome la, le Fiaɖuƒea me la, Afrika-nutome wɔ akpa gã aɖe. Gake kɔƒenutometɔ gbãtɔwo gakpɔtɔ nye amedzrowo le Latingbe kple Romatɔwo ƒe dekɔnuwo me. Le ƒe alafa 4 lia-5 lia me. eva zu kluviwo kple sɔtiwo ƒe aglãdzedze gãwo ƒe nuto, si na Roma Fiaɖuƒea gbɔdzɔ ŋutɔ eye wòna wòmu. Le ƒe 5 lia me la. Nudomegblẽlawo va nɔ Afrika. Le ƒe 6 lia me. Byzantium-fiagã Justinian te ŋu trɔ ƒutadu la, gake Byzantium ƒe ŋusẽ ya mesẽ o. Le ƒe alafa 7 lia me Arabtɔwo ɖu Afrika-nutome.

Le Dziehe Afrika la, le keke ƒe akpe 1 lia D.M.Ŋ. e. dukɔ geɖe siwo nɔ wo ɖokui si nɔ anyi: Carthage, si ʋuʋula siwo tso Foinike ɖo anyi, amesiwo doa Semtɔwo ƒe gbe si te ɖe Hebrigbe, Mauritania kple Numidia ŋu, si Libyatɔwo wɔ. Le Romatɔwo ƒe Carthage dzi ɖuɖu le ƒe 146 D.M.Ŋ. e. dukɔ siawo, le avuwɔwɔ sesẽ aɖe megbe la, va zu Romatɔwo ƒe nunɔamesiwo. Ƒe alafa ʋɛ aɖewo do ŋgɔ na ɣeyiɣi yeyea la, amehawo ƒe habɔbɔ ƒe ŋgɔyiyi dze egɔme le egbegbe Ethiopia ƒe anyigba dzi. Dukɔ siwo do le afisia dometɔ ɖeka – Aksum – ɖo eƒe kɔkɔƒe le ƒe alafa 4 lia D.M.Ŋ. n. e., esime eƒe nunɔamesiwo le ɣetoɖoƒe gome ɖo Meroe dukɔ si le Nil Bali me, eye le ɣedzeƒe gome la – "Happy Arabia" (egbegbe Yemen). Le ƒe akpe II me kple. e. dukɔ sesẽwo do le Ɣetoɖoƒe Sudan (Ghana, Mali, Songhai kple Bornu); emegbe la, woɖo dukɔwo ɖe Guinea ƒuta (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, kple bubuawo), le Chad Ta la ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe gome (Hausatɔwo ƒe dukɔwo) kple le Afrika-nyigba gã la ƒe akpa bubu geɖewo.

Zi geɖe la, woƒoa Afrika Dzodzoetɔwo ƒe dukɔ siwo le Sem-Hamit ƒomea ƒe dzigbe gome ƒe gbegbɔgblɔwo nu ƒu ɖe ƒome eve me: Niger (Congo)-Kordofan kple Nilo-Sahara. Niger-Kordofanian ƒuƒoƒoa lɔ Niger-Congo ƒuƒoƒoa ɖe eme – ƒuƒoƒo siwo sɔ gbɔ wu eye wowɔa ɖeka wu: Ɣetoɖoƒe Atlantik, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo kple Adamawa-Ɣedzeƒe. Ɣetoɖoƒe Atlantik dukɔwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Fulbe dukɔ gã aɖe si le ƒuƒoƒo vovovowo me le Ɣetoɖoƒe kple Titina Sudan dukɔwo katã kloe me, Wolof kple Serep (Senegal), kple bubuawo. ), Volta dukɔwo (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, kple bubuawo) – le Burkina Faso, Ghana kple dukɔ bubuwo me. Kwa dukɔwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye dukɔ gã siwo le Guinea ƒuta abe Yorubatɔwo kple Ibotɔwo (Nigeria), Akantɔwo (Ghana) kple Ewetɔwo (Benin kple Togo); teƒe siwo te ɖe Eʋeawo ŋu, amesiwo nɔa dzigbe gome eye woyɔnɛ ɣeaɖewoɣi be Dahometɔwo; ɖoƒe si sa ɖe aga vie la le dukɔ siwo doa Krutɔwo ƒe gbegbɔgblɔwo (alo gbetagbewo) me. Ame siawoe nye Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn kple ame bubu siwo le Liberia kple Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast). Ame gbogbo aɖewoe ɖo Benue-Congo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo suea, eye wogblɔna tsã be Bantutɔwo ƒe ƒome tɔxɛ aɖe kple Ɣedzeƒe Bantutɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa mee wotso. Bantu dukɔwo, siwo sɔ ŋutɔ le gbegbɔgblɔ kple dekɔnuwo gome la, le Titina kple Ɣedzeƒe kple Anyiehe Afrika dukɔwo me (Democratic Republic of the Congo (si woyɔna tsã be Zaire), Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, kple bubuawo). Gbeŋutinunyalawo ma Bantutɔwo ɖe hatsotso 15 me: 1st – duala, lupdu, fang, kple bubuawo; 2 lia -teke, mpongwe, kele; 3 lia – bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya; 4 lia – Rwanda, si nye rundi; 5 lia – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; 6 lia-nyamwezi, nyatura; 7 lia – Swahiligbe, togogbe, hehe; 8 lia – Kongo, si nye ambundu; 9 lia-chokwe, luena; 10 lia-luba; 11 lia-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12 lia – Malawi 13 lia – Yao, Makonde, Makua; 14 lia – ovimbundu, ambo, hero; 15th – Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, kple bubuawo.

Bantugbewo hã nye esiwo Pygmytɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siwo le Congo-ƒua me (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, kple bubuawo) dona, eye zi geɖe la, wodea vovototo wo me be wonye dukɔ siwo to vovo. Le ɣedzeƒe kple titina Bantutɔwo dome la, Swahiligbe si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Arabgbe dzi wòdze ƒã la va bɔ le ƒe bla nane siwo va yi nyitsɔ laa me, amesiwo doe ƒe xexlẽme nye miliɔn 60 (Swahilitɔwo ƒe xexlẽme nye miliɔn 1.9). Adamaua, si nye ɣedzeƒe ƒuƒoƒo sue la, nye Azandetɔwo, Cham-Batɔwo, Bandatɔwo, kple ame bubu siwo le Titina kple Ɣedzeƒe Sudan.

Kordofan ƒuƒoƒo si ƒe xexlẽme le sue ŋutɔ eye wòle anyigba si dzi wòxɔ me la, nye dukɔ siwo nye Koalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi kple Katla (Sudan Dukɔa).

Ƒuƒoƒowoe le Nilo-Sahara ƒomea teƒe: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, kpakple dukɔ eve siwo to vovo le gbegbɔgblɔ gome siwo nye Maba kple For (Fur). Songhaitɔwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Songhaitɔwo ŋutɔ, kpakple Djermatɔwo kple Dandytɔwo, siwo nɔa Niger-tɔsisia ƒe titina ƒe gowo dzi; na Sahara ƒuƒoƒoa – kanuri, tuba (tibbu) kple zagava, siwo le Chad Ta la to kple Titina Sahara. Shari-Nil ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si ɖe dzesi wu le ƒome sia me dometɔ aɖewoe nye Ɣedzeƒe Sudantɔwo (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, alo Nubiatɔwo, kple bubuawo), siwo nɔ Nilotic ƒome si nɔ wo ɖokui si me tsã; Titina Sudan dukɔwo (Bagirmi, Morumadi), Berta kple Kunama dukɔwo. Ƒuƒoƒo sia me tɔwo le Zaire ƒe dziehe kple Sudan ƒe dzigbe. Morumadi gbewo nye esiwo Pygmy towo (Efe, Basua, kple bubuawo) dona.