Читать книгу Vanhu vemuAfrica - Андрей Тихомиров - Страница 1

Maererano neimwe shanduro, shoko rokuti "Africa" rinobva zita Berber rudzi Afrigia, aigara kuchamhembe kweAfrica kondinendi, kwaivawo Roma ruwa Africa. Dunhu reRoma reAfrica rakaumbwa neRoma muna 146 BC. e. panzvimbo yeCarthaginian state, yakagara kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweTunisia yemazuva ano. Munguva yeHumambo, Africa yaive yematunhu maseneta uye yaitongwa nemutongi. Nguva yeHumambo inoratidzwa nekukura kwehurongwa hwemaguta. Maguta akagamuchira kodzero dzemakoloni nemanisiparati. Vainyanya kutonga mumaguta acho vaiva vapambi veRoma uye veRomanized vepamusoro vevagari vemo. Mutsika, munguva yeHumambo, purovhinzi yeAfrica yakaita basa guru. Nekudaro, vagari vekumaruwa vakaramba vasinganzwisisi mutauro wechiLatin uye tsika dzechiRoma. Mumazana emakore 4-5. yakava nharaunda yokumukira kukuru kwevaranda nembiru, uko kwakanetesa zvikuru Umambo hweRoma ndokuparira kuwa kwahwo. Muna 5th c. Vaparadzi vakagara muAfrica. Muna 6th c. mambo weByzantium Justinian akakwanisa kudzorera muganhu wegungwa, asi simba reByzantium rakanga risina kusimba. Muzana remakore rechi7 Dunhu reAfrica rakakundwa nemaArabu.

Kuchamhembe kweAfrica, kumashure kwe1st millennium BC. e. pakanga paine nyika dzinoverengeka dzakazvimiririra: Carthage, yakavambwa nevatorwa kubva kuFenikiya, vaitaura mutauro wechiSemitic pedyo nechiHebheru, Mauritania neNumidia, yakagadzirwa nevaLibya. Kutevera kukundwa kweCarthage nevaRoma muna 146 BC. e. nyika idzi, mushure mekurwisana kwakasindimara, dzakava zvinhu zveRoma. Mazana emakore mashoma nguva itsva isati yasvika, kusimudzirwa kweboka revanhu kwakatanga munharaunda yeEtiopia yemazuva ano. Imwe yenzvimbo dzakagadzirwa pano – Aksum – yakasvika pakakwirira muzana ramakore rechina BC. n. e., apo pfuma yake kumadokero yakasvika kunyika yeMeroe muNire Valley, uye kumabvazuva – "Happy Arabia" (Yemen yemazuva ano). Muna II mireniyamu uye. e. nyika dzakasimba dzakagadzirwa muWestern Sudan (Ghana, Mali, Songhai neBornu); gare gare, nyika dzakaumbwa pamhenderekedzo yeGuinea (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, nezvimwewo), kumadokero kweLake Chad (nyika dzevanhu veHausa) uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeAfrica.

Mitauro yevanhu veTropical Africa, vanogara kumaodzanyemba kweSemitic-Hamitic mhuri, parizvino inosanganiswa kuita mhuri mbiri: Niger (Congo) – Kordofan uye Nilo-Saharan. Boka reNiger-Kordofanian rinosanganisira boka reNiger-Congo – mapoka akawanda uye anobatanidza: West Atlantic, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo neAdamawa-Eastern. Vanhu veWest Atlantic vanhu vanosanganisira vanhu vakawanda veFulbe vanogara mumapoka akasiyana munenge nyika dzose dzeWestern neCentral Sudan, Wolof neSerep (Senegal), nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzenzizi Senegal neNiger (Guinea, Mali, nezvimwewo. ), vanhu veVolta (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, nezvimwewo) – muBurkina Faso, Ghana nedzimwe nyika. Marudzi eKwa anosanganisira vanhu vakakura vomumhenderekedzo yeGuinea vakadai seYoruba neIbo (Nigeria), Akan (Ghana) uye Ewe (Benin neTogo); pedyo nevaEwe vane mamiriro ezvinhu ekare, vanogara kumaodzanyemba uye dzimwe nguva vanonzi vaDahomean; imwe nzvimbo yakasarudzika inogarwa nevanhu vanotaura mitauro (kana madimikira) eKru. Ava ndiBakwe, Grebo, Krahn nevamwe vanhu vanogara muLiberia neIvory Coast (Ivory Coast). Boka reBenue-Congo rinoumbwa nevanhu vakati wandei, vaimbozivikanwa semhuri yakakosha yeBantu uye boka reEast Bantu. Vanhu veBantu, vane homogeneous mumitauro netsika, vanogara munyika dzeCentral uye chikamu Eastern neSouthern Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo (yaimbova Zaire), Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, nezvimwewo). Bantu yakakamurwa nenyanzvi dzemitauro mumapoka gumi nemashanu: 1st – duala, lupdu, fang, zvichingodaro; 2nd -teke, mpongwe, kele; 3rd – bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya; 4th – Rwanda, rundi; 5th – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; 6th-nyamwezi, nyatura; 7th – Swahili, togo, hehe; 8th – Kongo, ambundu; 9th-chokwe, luena; 10th-luba; 11th-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12th – Malawi 13th – Yao, Makonde, Makua; 14 – ovimbundu, ambo, herero; 15th – Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, etc.

Mitauro yeBantu inotaurwawo nemapoka ePygmies eCongo Basin (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, nezvimwewo), anowanzosiyaniswa sevanhu vakasiyana. Pakati peBantus yekumabvazuva nepakati, mutauro wechiSwahili, uyo wakaona pesvedzero inooneka yechiArabic, wapararira mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, nhamba yevanoutaura imamiriyoni 60 (vanhu vechiSwahili vanosvika mamiriyoni 1,9). VaAdamaua, boka duku rekumabvazuva, rinosanganisira maAzande, Cham-Ba, Banda, nevamwe vanogara kuCentral neEastern Sudan.

Boka reKordofan, riri diki munhamba nenzvimbo, rinosanganisira vanhu veKoalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi neKatla (Republic of Sudan).

Mhuri yeNilo-Sahara inomiririrwa nemapoka: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, pamwe chete nemitauro miviri yakasiyana Maba uye For (Fur). The Songhai inosanganisira Songhai yakakodzera, pamwe chete neDjerma neDandy, vanogara mumahombekombe epakati anosvika kuNiger; kuboka reSahara – kanuri, tuba (tibbu) uye zagava, vanogara kumahombekombe eLake Chad uye kuCentral Sahara. Boka rinonyanya kukosha reShari-Nil mumhuri iyi rinosanganisira vanhu vekuMabvazuva kweSudan (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, kana maNubians, nezvimwewo), izvo zvakambosanganisirwa mumhuri yakazvimirira yeNilotic; Vanhu veCentral Sudanese (Bagirmi, Morumadi), Berta neKunama vanhu. Vanhu veboka iri vanogara kuchamhembe kweZaire uye kumaodzanyemba kweSudan. Mitauro yeMorumadi inotaurwa nemadzinza ePygmy (Efe, Basua, nezvimwewo).