Читать книгу The Ancient World: State and Politics - Андрей Тихомиров - Страница 1

The feudal lords' ownership of land, their exclusive privilege to power, the class division of the population, and subsistence farming were characteristic features of medieval society. However, the political domination of feudal lords in different countries was carried out differently, not to mention the fact that some peoples did not have serfdom of peasants at all. After the collapse of the tribal system, the Germanic and Slavic peoples immediately entered the period of feudalism, bypassing slavery.

Modern Western historians, as a rule, deny the regularity of the historical process, the movement of civilization towards more perfect forms of the political structure of society. In their opinion, the development of history takes place in a closed circle, where the fate of peoples depends primarily on the will of the rulers. Many of them repeat the words of the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831): "The lessons of history are that people do not learn lessons from history."

Private property in every bourgeois society is the main principle of economic and social life, the main institution of civil law. Nevertheless, the unlimited domination of the bourgeoisie is carried out by different methods. The uniformity of states does not exclude the difference in their forms, political regimes, the legal status of social groups, etc. In this regard, for the history of the state and law, the general and special in the organization of the political power of the ruling class in each individual country is of particular interest.

The factors of population, geographical environment, peculiarities of the nation's mental makeup, as well as class, ideological motives of prominent figures had a certain influence on political history. Changes in the strategy and tactics of the ruling class are primarily reflected in the evolution or radical restructuring of state bodies and legislation.

The study of the history of the development of the state system of various countries facilitates the understanding of the system of methods of class domination in a specific historical situation, finds out the reasons for the transition from one political regime to another.

The basic principles of the new government, the organization of management are laid during the period of social revolutions. At the same time, the principles and system of new legislation adapted to the needs of the economic system are created, the political and legal aspirations of classes and social groups of society are revealed. They find expression in constitutions, organic laws, charters, declarations, codes, etc.

The slave-owning system did not remain motionless. In the course of its historical development, it has passed through several successive stages. Early slavery, not yet completely separated from the communal-tribal system, was the basis of the state formations of the Ancient East – such as the Egyptian despotism, the Hittite kingdom, Assyria, Persia, the states of Ancient India. In these military-theocratic powers, relying on the power of non-economic coercion, foreign policy was guided mainly by the interests of conquest: the seizure of land, slaves, livestock, plunder of wealth available in neighboring countries were the main goal of the wars of that time. International issues were usually resolved by armed force. However, the states of the Ancient East had to develop a very lively diplomatic activity. Diplomatic relations were conducted by the tsars themselves. The rulers of the Ancient East were revered as gods, embodied the whole state in their person, had at their disposal whole armies of "royal servants" – officials and scribes.

In accordance with the main objectives of the conquering foreign policy of the military-theocratic kingdoms of the East, their centralized diplomacy resolved a relatively limited range of issues. Its strongest side was the organization of pervasive military and political intelligence.

More developed slavery, associated with commodity-money economy and the growth of coastal cities, was the basis of the ancient states – Greece and Rome.

The foreign policy of these slave-owning city states ("polis") was determined by the interests of the struggle for the expansion of territories, for the acquisition of slaves, for markets. From here

there followed: the desire for hegemony, the search for allies, the formation of groupings, colonial expansion, which aimed at the formation of major powers and caused clashes among the Greeks in the East, with the Persian kingdom, the Romans in the West, with the richest trading republic of the ancient world – Carthage.

The diplomatic activity of the ancient polis was expressed in lively negotiations, the continuous exchange of embassies, the convening of meetings, the conclusion of defensive and offensive allied treaties.