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Angus Sinclair. Locomotive Engine Running and Management
Locomotive Engine Running and Management
Table of Contents
PREFACE
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE RUNNING
CHAPTER I. ENGINEERS AND THEIR DUTIES
ATTRIBUTES THAT MAKE A GOOD ENGINEER
HOW ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL ARE ACQUIRED
PUBLIC INTEREST IN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS
IGNORANCE VERSUS KNOWLEDGE
ILLITERATE ENGINEERS NOT WANTED IN AMERICA
GROWING IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERS’ DUTIES
INDIVIDUALITY OF AMERICAN ENGINEERS
NECESSITY FOR CLASS IMPROVEMENT
THE SKILL OF ENGINEERS INFLUENCES OPERATING EXPENSES
METHODS OF SELF-IMPROVEMENT
OBSERVING SHOP OPERATIONS
WHERE IGNORANCE WAS RUIN
PREJUDICE AGAINST STUDYING BOOKS
THE KIND OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM BOOKS
CHAPTER II. HOW LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS ARE MADE
RELIABLE MEN NEEDED TO RUN LOCOMOTIVES
EARLY METHODS OF MAKING LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS
PRACTICE OF RAISING ENGINEERS FROM MACHINISTS AND TECHNICAL-SCHOOL GRADUATES NOT FOUND SATISFACTORY
EXPERIENCE DEMONSTRATED THAT FIREMEN MADE THE BEST ENGINEERS
DIFFICULTIES OF RUNNING LOCOMOTIVES AT NIGHT, AND DURING BAD WEATHER
KIND OF MEN TO BE CHOSEN AS FIREMEN
MODERN METHODS OF SELECTING FIREMEN
FIRST TRIPS
POPULAR MISCONCEPTION OF A FIREMAN’S DUTIES
LEARNING FIREMEN’S DUTIES
A GOOD FIREMAN MAKES A GOOD ENGINEER
LEARNING AN ENGINEER’S DUTIES
CONDITIONS OF ENGINE RUNNING THAT VANQUISH THE INEXPERIENCED MAN
LEARNING TO KEEP THE LOCOMOTIVE IN RUNNING-ORDER
METHODS OF PROMOTION ON OUR LEADING ROADS
NATURE OF EXAMINATION TO BE PASSED
MASTER MECHANICS ON THE BEST METHOD OF EDUCATING YOUNG MEN FOR ENGINEERS
CHAPTER III. INSPECTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
LOCOMOTIVE INSPECTORS
GOOD ENGINEERS INSPECT THEIR OWN ENGINES
WHAT COMES OF NEGLECTING SYSTEMATIC INSPECTION OF LOCOMOTIVES
CONFIDENCE ON THE ROAD DERIVED FROM INSPECTION
INSPECTION ON THE PIT
OUTSIDE INSPECTION
OIL-CUPS
INSPECTION OF RUNNING-GEAR
ATTENTIONS TO THE BOILER
MISCELLANEOUS ATTENTIONS
REWARD OF THOROUGH INSPECTION
CHAPTER IV. GETTING READY FOR THE ROAD
RAISING STEAM
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST SCORCHING BOILERS
STARTING THE FIRE
FIREMAN’S FIRST DUTIES
SAVING THE GRATES
SUPPLIES
ENGINEER’S FIRST DUTIES
REACHING HIS ENGINE IN GOOD SEASON
OILING THE MACHINERY
QUANTITY OF OIL THAT DIFFERENT BEARINGS NEED
LEAVING THE ENGINE-HOUSE
CHAPTER V. RUNNING A FAST FREIGHT TRAIN
RUNNING FREIGHT TRAINS
THE ENGINE
THE TRAIN
THE DIVISION
PULLING OUT
HOOKING BACK THE LINKS
WORKING THE STEAM EXPANSIVELY
ADVANTAGE OF CUTTING OFF SHORT
BOILER PRESSURE BEST FOR ECONOMICAL WORKING
RUNNING WITH LOW STEAM
THE THROTTLE-LEVER
MANAGEMENT OF THE FIRE
CONDITIONS THAT DEMAND GOOD FIRING
HIGHEST TYPE OF FIREMAN
SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF GOOD FIREMEN
THE MEDIUM FIREMAN
THE HOPELESSLY BAD FIREMAN
WHO IS TO BLAME FOR BAD FIRING?
CHAPTER VI. GETTING UP THE HILL
SPECIAL SKILL AND ATTENTION REQUIRED TO GET A TRAIN UP A STEEP GRADE
GETTING READY FOR THE GRADE
WORKING UP THE HILL
WHEEL-SLIPPING
HOW TO USE SAND
SLIPPERY ENGINES
FEEDING THE BOILER
CHOICE OF PUMP AND INJECTOR
FALL OF BOILER-TEMPERATURE NOT INDICATED BY THE STEAM-GAUGE
SOME EFFECTS OF INJUDICIOUS BOILER-FEEDING
CAREFUL FEEDING AND FIRING PRESERVE BOILERS
OPERATING THE DAMPERS
LOSS OF HEAT THROUGH EXCESS OF AIR
LOSS OF HEAT FROM BAD DAMPERS
CHAPTER VII. FINISHING THE TRIP
RUNNING OVER ORDINARY TRACK
STOPPING-PLACES
KNOWLEDGE OF TRAIN-RIGHTS
PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN APPROACHING AND PASSING STATIONS
THE BEST RULES MUST BE SUPPLEMENTED BY GOOD JUDGMENT
OPERATING SINGLE TRACKS SAFELY
CAUSES OF ANXIETY TO ENGINEERS
ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE ROAD
FINAL DUTIES OF THE TRIP
CHAPTER VIII. RUNNING A FAST PASSENGER TRAIN
AVERAGE SPEED
SPEED BETWEEN JERSEY CITY AND PHILADELPHIA
REQUISITES OF A HIGH-SPEED LOCOMOTIVE
MAKING UP THE FIRE
GETTING READY FOR THE TRIP
THE TRAIN TO BE PULLED
THE START
GETTING THE TRAIN OVER THE ROAD
HOW THE ENGINEER DID HIS WORK
QUALIFICATIONS THAT MAKE A SUCCESSFUL ENGINEER
HOW THE FIRING WAS DONE
CHAPTER IX. HARD-STEAMING ENGINES
IMPORTANCE OF LOCOMOTIVES STEAMING FREELY
ESSENTIALS FOR GOOD-STEAMING ENGINES
CAUSES DETRIMENTAL TO MAKING STEAM
PETTICOAT-PIPE
THE SMOKE-STACK
OBSTRUCTIONS TO DRAUGHT
CHOKING THE NETTING WITH OIL
SILICIOUS DEPOSIT ON FLUE-SHEET
THE EXTENDED SMOKE-BOX
STEAM-PIPES LEAKING
DEFECTS OF GRATES
LIME, SCALE, AND MUD
PREVENTING ACCUMULATION OF MUD IN BOILERS
TEMPORARY CURES FOR LEAKY FLUES
GOOD MANAGEMENT MAKES ENGINES STEAM
INTERMITTENT BOILER-FEEDING
TOO MUCH PISTON CLEARANCE
BADLY PROPORTIONED SMOKE-STACKS
THE EXHAUST NOZZLES
CHAPTER X. SHORTNESS OF WATER.—PUMP DISORDERS
TROUBLE DEVELOPS NATURAL ENERGY
SHORTNESS OF WATER A SERIOUS PREDICAMENT
HOW TO DEAL WITH SHORTNESS OF WATER
WATCHING THE WATER-GAUGES
WHAT TO DO WHEN THE TENDER IS FOUND EMPTY BETWEEN STATIONS
A TRYING POSITION
WATCHING THE STRAINERS
CARE OF PUMPS
HOW THE CONDITION OF PUMPS CAN BE TESTED
LIFT OF PUMP-VALVES
KEEP PIPES TIGHT, AND PACKING IN ORDER
SAND IN THE PUMP-CHAMBERS
DELIVERY ORIFICE CHOKED WITH LIME SEDIMENT
MINOR PUMP TROUBLES
CHAPTER XI. INJECTORS
INVENTION OF THE INJECTOR
TRYING TO FIND OUT HOW THE INJECTOR WORKED
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE INJECTOR’S ACTION
DIFFERENT FORMS OF INJECTOR
A HEATER-PIPE ACTING AS AN INJECTOR
SKILL AND REFLECTION NEEDED IN REPAIRING INJECTORS
CARE OF INJECTORS
THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF DERANGEMENT
HOW TO KEEP AN INJECTOR IN GOOD ORDER
CURIOUS CASES OF TROUBLE WITH AN INJECTOR
COMMON DEFECTS
CARE OF INJECTORS IN WINTER
SELLERS INJECTOR
THE NATHAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY’S MONITOR INJECTOR
THE KORTING INJECTOR
THE HANCOCK INSPIRATOR
CHAPTER XII. BOILERS AND FIRE-BOXES
CARE OF LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS
FACTOR OF SAFETY
BOILER EXPLOSIONS
PRESERVATION OF BOILERS
CAUSING INJURY TO BOILERS
DANGERS OF MUD AND SCALE
BLOWING OFF BOILERS
OVER-PRESSURE
RELIEVING OVER-PRESSURE
BURSTED FLUES
CHAPTER XIII. ACCIDENTS TO THE VALVE-MOTION
RUNNING WORN-OUT ENGINES
CARE AND ENERGY DEFY DEFEAT
WATCHING THE EXHAUST
THE ATTENTIVE EAR DETECTS DETERIORATION OF VALVES
LOCATING THE FOUR EXHAUST SOUNDS
IDENTIFYING DEFECTS BY SOUND OF THE STEAM
ACCIDENTS PREVENTED BY ATTENDING TO THE NOTE OF WARNING FROM THE EXHAUST
NEGLECTING A WARNING
HOW AN ECCENTRIC-STRAP PUNCHED A HOLE IN A FIRE-BOX
INTEREST IN THE VALVE-MOTION AMONG ENGINEERS
TROUBLE WITH THE VALVE-MOTION
A WRONG CONCLUSION
LOCATING DEFECTS OF THE VALVE-MOTION
POSITION OF ECCENTRICS
METHOD OF SETTING SLIPPED ECCENTRICS
SLIPPED ECCENTRIC-RODS
DETECTING THE CAUSE OF A LAME EXHAUST
WHAT TO DO WHEN ECCENTRICS, STRAPS, OR RODS BREAK
DIFFERENT WAYS OF SECURING THE CROSS-HEAD
BROKEN TUMBLING-SHAFT
BROKEN VALVE-STEM, OR VALVE-YOKE
WHEN A ROCKER-SHAFT OR LOWER ROCKER-ARM BREAKS
MISCELLANEOUS ACCIDENTS TO VALVE-MOTION
BROKEN STEAM-CHEST COVER
STEAM-PIPE BURSTED
TESTING THE VALVES
CHAPTER XIV. ACCIDENTS TO CYLINDERS AND STEAM CONNECTIONS
IMPORTANCE OF THE PISTON IN THE TRAIN OF MECHANISM
CAUSES THAT LEAD TO BROKEN CYLINDER-HEADS
BROKEN CYLINDER-HEADS OFTEN PREVENTABLE
WHEN A MAIN-ROD BREAKS
CRANK-PIN BROKEN
THROTTLE DISCONNECTED
OILING THE VALVES WHEN THE THROTTLE IS DISCONNECTED
WHAT CAUSES A DISCONNECTED THROTTLE
BURSTING A DRY PIPE
OTHER THROTTLE ACCIDENTS
POUNDING OF THE WORKING-PARTS
SOME CAUSES OF POUNDING
LOCATING A MYSTERIOUS POUND
CHAPTER XV. OFF THE TRACK.—ACCIDENTS TO RUNNING-GEAR
GETTING DITCHED
DEALING WITH SUDDEN EMERGENCIES
STOPPING A FREIGHT TRAIN IN CASE OF DANGER
SAVING THE HEATING SURFACES
GETTING THE ENGINE ON THE TRACK
UNDERSTANDING THE RUNNING-GEAR
BROKEN DRIVING-SPRING
EQUALIZER BROKEN
ACCIDENTS TO TRUCKS
BROKEN FRAME
BROKEN DRIVING AXLES, WHEELS, AND TIRES
CHAPTER XVI. CONNECTING-RODS, SIDE RODS, AND WEDGES
CARE OF LOCOMOTIVE RODS
FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTING-RODS
EFFECTS OF BAD FITTING
STRIKING POINTS AND CLEARANCE
WATCHING RODS ON THE ROAD
SIDE RODS
ADJUSTMENT OF SIDE RODS
KEYING SIDE RODS
DIFFICULTY IN LOCATING DEFECTS
POUNDING IN DRIVING-BOXES AND WEDGES
IMPORTANCE OF HAVING WEDGES PROPERLY FITTED
INFLUENCE OF HALF-ROUND BRASSES
POSITION OF BOXES WHILE SETTING UP WEDGES
NECESSITY FOR KEEPING BOXES AND WEDGES CLEAN
TEMPERATURE OF THE BOX TO BE CONSIDERED
SMALL DISORDERS THAT CAUSE ROUGH RIDING
CHAPTER XVII. THE VALVE-MOTION
THE LOCOMOTIVE SLIDE-VALVE
INVENTION AND APPLICATION OF THE SLIDE-VALVE
DESCRIPTION OF THE SLIDE-VALVE
PRIMITIVE SLIDE-VALVE
OUTSIDE LAP
SOME EFFECTS OF LAP
INSIDE LAP
THE EXTENT OF LAP USUALLY ADOPTED
FIRST APPLICATION OF LAP
THE ALLEN VALVE
ADVANTAGES OF THE ALLEN VALVE
CASE WHERE THE ALLEN VALVE PROVED ITS VALUE
INSIDE CLEARANCE
LEAD
OPERATION OF THE STEAM IN THE CYLINDERS
BACK PRESSURE IN THE CYLINDERS
EFFECT OF TOO MUCH INSIDE LAP
RUNNING INTO A HILL
COMPRESSION
DEFINITION OF AN ECCENTRIC
EARLY APPLICATION OF THE ECCENTRIC
RELATIVE MOTION OF PISTON AND CRANK, SLIDE-VALVE, AND ECCENTRICS
ATTEMPTS TO ABOLISH THE CRANK
VALVE MOVEMENT
EFFECT OF LAP ON THE ECCENTRIC’S POSITION
ANGULAR ADVANCE OF ECCENTRICS
ANGULARITY OF CONNECTING ROD
EFFECT ON THE VALVE-MOTION OF CONNECTING-ROD ANGULARITY
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF VALVE-MOTION
EVENTS OF THE PISTON STROKE
WHAT HAPPENS INSIDE THE CYLINDERS WHEN AN ENGINE IS REVERSED
EVENTS OF THE STROKE IN REVERSED MOTION
PURPOSE OF RELIEF-VALVE ON DRY PIPE
USING REVERSE-MOTION AS A BRAKE
CHAPTER XVIII. THE SHIFTING LINK
EARLY REVERSING MOTIONS
INVENTION OF THE LINK
CONSTRUCTION OF THE SHIFTING LINK
ACTION OF THE LINK
VALVE-MOTION OF A FAST PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE
EFFECT OF CHANGING VALVE-TRAVEL
WEAK POINTS OF THE LINK-MOTION
WHY DECREASING THE VALVE-TRAVEL INCREASES THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION
INFLUENCE OF ECCENTRIC THROW ON THE VALVE
HARMONY OF WORKING-PARTS
ADJUSTMENT OF LINK
SLIP OF THE LINK
RADIUS OF LINK
INCREASE OF LEAD
CHAPTER XIX. SETTING THE VALVES
THE MEN WHO LEARN VALVE-SETTING
BEST WAY TO LEARN VALVE-SETTING
PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS
CONNECTING ECCENTRIC-RODS TO LINK
MARKING THE VALVE-STEM
LENGTH OF THE VALVE-ROD
ACCURACY ESSENTIAL IN LOCATING THE DEAD CENTER POINTS
FINDING THE DEAD CENTERS
TURNING WHEELS AND MOVING ECCENTRICS
SETTING BY THE LEAD OPENING
ASCERTAINING THE POINT OF CUT-OFF
ADJUSTMENT OF CUT-OFF
CHAPTER XX. By J.G.A. Meyer. LAYING OUT LINK-MOTION
CONDITIONS
CHAPTER XXI. THE STEVENS VALVE-GEAR
DESCRIPTION OF MOTION
ARRANGEMENT OF THE MOTION
VALVE MOVEMENT
VALVE-STEMS AND STUFFING-BOXES
HOW MOVEMENT OF VALVE IS GOVERNED
HOW EXHAUST LEAD IS CONTROLLED
CHAPTER XXII. THE JOY VALVE-GEAR
DESCRIPTION OF MOTION
HOW TO APPLY THIS GEAR TO AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES
CONSTRUCTION DIRECTIONS
HOW LAP AND LEAD ARE REGULATED
ADVANTAGES CLAIMED FOR THE MOTION
ACTION OF THE MOTION
RULES FOR LAYING DOWN THE CENTER LINES OF THE MOTION
CHAPTER XXIII. THE STEAM ENGINE INDICATOR
PURPOSE OF THE INDICATOR
DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT
OPERATION OF THE INDICATOR
LINES OF THE DIAGRAM
DATA NECESSARY FOR ANALYZING THE DIAGRAM
ADVANTAGES OF INDICATING LOCOMOTIVES
CHAPTER XXIV. THE WESTINGHOUSE AIR-BRAKE
INVENTION OF THE WESTINGHOUSE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE
DISTINCT CLASSES OF INVENTIONS
BENEFITS CONFERRED ON TRAIN MEN BY GOOD BRAKES
FIRST TRIALS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE
FIRST ROADS THAT ADOPTED THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE
OUTLINES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE
HOW EASTERN RAILROADS KEPT ALOOF FROM THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE
LESSON OF THE REVERE RAILROAD ACCIDENT
WEAK POINTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE
THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE
LIFE-SAVING VALUE OF THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE
FIRST RAILROADS THAT ADOPTED THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE
THE AIR-PUMP
HOW THE AIR-PUMP WORKS
HOW THE AIR-END OPERATES
AIR-PUMP DISORDERS
PUNY DIFFICULTIES VANQUISH THE IGNORANT ENGINEER
CAUSES THAT MAKE BRAKES INOPERATIVE OFTEN EASILY REMEDIED
CARE OF THE AIR-PUMP
PUMP PACKING
HOW STEAM PASSAGES GET CHOKED
SAGACITY NEEDED IN REPAIRING AIR-PUMPS
GRADUAL DEGENERATION OF THE AIR-PUMP
CAUSES THAT MAKE A PUMP POUND
THE TRIPLE VALVE
ACTION OF THE TRIPLE VALVE
TO PREVENT CREEPING ON OF BRAKES
HOW TO APPLY AND RELEASE THE BRAKE
PUMP GOVERNOR
CHAPTER XXV. THE EAMES VACUUM BRAKE
OPERATION OF THE BRAKE
THE DIAPHRAGM
THE EJECTOR
CARE OF THE BRAKE
CHAPTER XXVI. POWER OF LOCOMOTIVES AND TRAIN RESISTANCES
CALCULATING POWER OF LOCOMOTIVES
PROPORTION OF ADHESION TO TRACTION
ESTIMATING TRACTIVE POWER
HORSE-POWER OF LOCOMOTIVES
FORMULAS OF TRAIN RESISTANCES
EXPERIMENTS OF TRAIN RESISTANCES ON THE ERIE RAILWAY
CONDITIONS THAT INCREASE TRAIN RESISTANCES
RESISTANCE OF CURVES
WORK DONE BY A LOCOMOTIVE PULLING A TRAIN
RECORD OF FAST EXPRESS TRAIN MADE BY PROFESSOR P.H. DUDLEY’S DYNAGRAPH CAR
CHAPTER XXVII. WATER FOR LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS
HOW WATER GETS MIXED WITH LIME
EXPENSE ENTAILED BY USING BAD WATER
EFFORTS OF MASTER MECHANICS TO SECURE GOOD WATER
LOSS OF FAITH IN PURIFYING METHODS
SCALE-MAKING AGENCIES
TO ASCERTAIN THE QUALITY OF WATER
APPLIANCES NEEDED IN TESTING WATER
PREPARING FOR THE EXPERIMENTS
LIME HELD IN SOLUTION BY FREE CARBONIC ACID
TEST FOR LIME SALTS
TEST FOR SULPHATE OF LIME
TEST FOR CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA
TEST FOR SALTS OF IRON
TEST FOR CHLORINE
LEARNING THE MANIPULATION OF TESTS
MAKING QUALITATIVE TESTS
THE SOAP-TEST FOR HARDNESS
MODIFICATION OF THE CLARK SOAP-TEST
APPLYING THE SOAP-TEST
DIFFICULTIES OF PURIFYING WATER FOR LOCOMOTIVES
MUD
CARBONATE OF LIME
SULPHATE OF LIME
CHAPTER XXVIII. EXAMINATION FOR LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS
INDEX
