An Illustrated Atlas of Tooth Carving and Wax-Up Techniques

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Anil Bangalore Shivappa. An Illustrated Atlas of Tooth Carving and Wax-Up Techniques

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

An Illustrated Atlas of Tooth Carving and Wax‐Up Techniques

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the Companion Website

1 Introduction to Dental Anatomy. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Definition of Dental Anatomy

Types of Human Dentition

Arch

Quadrants

Dental Formula. For Primary Dentition

For Permanent Dentition

Tooth Notation. Universal System

Zsigmondy Palmer Notation

For Primary Teeth

For Permanent Teeth

FDI System

For the Permanent Teeth

For the Primary Teeth

References

2 Armamentarium. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Wax Block

Inlay Wax

Lecron Carver

The Knife End. Cutting Edge

Non‐cutting Edge/Side

The Spoon End/Excavating End

The Handle

The Shank

Metallic Scale or Ruler

Vernier Caliper

Waxing Instruments

Instrument Grasps

References

3 Pre‐carving Preparation of Wax Blocks. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Smoothing the Wax Surface

Division of Wax Block

References

4 Anatomical Landmarks. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Crown

Root/Radicular Part

Median Line

Aspect. Labial Aspect

Lingual/Palatal Aspect

Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Incisal Aspect

Surfaces

Mamelons

Cingulum

Occlusal Table

Cusp

Ridge

Marginal Ridges

Triangular Ridge

Transverse Ridge

Oblique Ridge

Buccal Ridge

Labial Ridge

Fossa

Pits

Central Pit

Cervical Line

Root Trunk

Root Furcation

Bifurcation

Trifurcation

Furcal Region or Interradicular Space

Root Apex

Developmental Groove

Central Groove

Buccal Groove

Lingual Grooves

Supplemental Groove

Line Angle

Point Angle

Crest of Contour

References

5 Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Maxillary Right Central Incisor

Labial Aspect. Crown

Root

Carving from the Labial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Length of Crown and Root on the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimension of the crown

Exercise: Technique to Carve Excess Wax from Mesial and Distal side

Exercise: Marking and Carving the Outline of the Crown

Mesial Aspect

Carving from Proximal (Mesial or Distal) Aspect. Exercise: Marking the Labiopalatal Dimension of the crown

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown on Mesial / Distal Surface

Exercise: Steps to Carve Excess Wax on Labial Side

Exercise: Steps to Carve Excess Wax from the Palatal Side

Palatal Aspect

Carving from the Palatal Aspect. Exercise: Creating the Palatal Convergence of the Crown

Exercise: Carving the Palatal Fossa

Incisal Aspect

Distal Aspect

Root Carving

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Mesial or Distal Aspect

Exericse: Carving the Root from the Labial Aspect

Exericse: Creating Developmental Depression on Root Surfaces

References

6 Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisor. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Maxillary Right Lateral Incisor

Labial Aspect

Carving from the Labial Aspect. Exercise: Marking the Length of Crown and Root on the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimension of the Crown on the Wax Block

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Mesial and Distal Side

Mesial Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Labiopalatal Dimension of the crown

Exercise: Marking the Outline of Crown on the Mesial surface

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax on the Labial and palatal surfaces

Palatal Aspect

Carving on the Palatal Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Palatal Convergence of the Crown

Exercise: Carving the Palatal Fossa

Exercise: Carving the Outline on the Labial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Incisal Aspect

Root Carving

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Labial Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Distal Aspect

References

7 Permanent Mandibular Central Incisor. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Mandibular Right Central Incisor

Labial Aspect

Carving from the Labial Aspect. Exercise: Marking the Length of Crown and Root on the Wax Block

Exericse: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimension on the Labial Surface of Wax Block

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Mesial and Distal Sides of the Crown

Mesial Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Labiolingual Dimension on the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown on the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax on the Lingual Side

Lingual Aspect

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax on the Labial Side

Carving from the Lingual Aspect. Exercise: Creating the Lingual Convergence of the Crown

Exercise: Carving the Fossa on the Lingual Surface

Distal Aspect

Incisal Aspect

Carving the Root

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Labial Aspect

Exericse: Carving the Root from the Mesial or Distal surface

Exericse: Creating the Lingual Convergence of the Root

Exericse: Creating Developmental Depression on Root Surfaces

Exericse: Drawing the Cervical Line on the Mesial and Distal Aspects

References

8 Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Mandibular Right Lateral Incisor

Labial Aspect

Carving from the Labial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Dimensions on the Labial Surface of Wax Block

Exercise: Creating the Distal Tilt of the Incisal Edge

Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect. Exercise: Marking the Dimensions on the Mesial Surface of Wax Block

Exercise: Carving the Outline of Crown on Mesial Aspect

Lingual Aspect

Carving from the Lingual Aspect

Exercise: Carving step sequence from the Lingual Aspect

Incisal Aspect

Carving from the Incisal Aspect

References

9 Permanent Maxillary Canine. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Maxillary Right Canine

Labial Aspect

Carving from the Labial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Length of the Crown and Root on the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimension of the crown

Exercise: Steps to Carve Excess Wax from Mesial and Distal side

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax to Create the Outline of the Crown

Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Carving from the Mesial/Distal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Labiopalatal Dimension of Crown on the Distal Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Labial Ridge

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Palatal Side

Palatal Aspect

Carving from the Palatal Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Palatal Convergence

Exercise: Carving the Mesial and Distal Fossae

Exercise: Creating the Cingulum and Marginal Ridges

Incisal Aspect

Carving from the Incisal Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Mesial and Distal Outline from the Incisal Aspect

Carving the Root

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Labial Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Developmental Depression on the Mesial and Distal Surface of the Root

Exercise: Marking the Cervical Line

References

10 Permanent Mandibular Canine. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Mandibular Right Canine

Labial Aspect

Lingual Aspect

Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Incisal Aspect

Carving the Permanent Mandibular Right Canine

References

11 Permanent Maxillary First Premolar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Maxillary Right First Premolar

Buccal Aspect

Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Length of the Crown and the Root

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimensions

Exercise: Marking the border of the Crown and Carving Excess Wax

Palatal Aspect

Mesial Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Buccopalatal Dimension of the Crown

Exercise: Reduction of the Cervico‐occlusal Height Palatally

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Buccal Surface

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Palatal Surface

Exercise: Marking and Carving the Mesial and Distal Slopes of the Occlusal Surface

Distal Aspect

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Palatal Convergence

Exercise: Marking the Outline of Grooves and Carving the Mesial Triangular Fossa

Exercise: Carving the Slopes of the Buccal Triangular Ridge

Exercise: Carving the Slopes of the Palatal Triangular Ridge

Exercise: Carving the Distal Triangular Fossa

Exercise: Carving the Mesial Developmental Groove

Carving the Root

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Buccal & Palatal Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Proximal (Mesial) Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Furcal Part of the Root from the Proximal Aspect

Exercise: Marking and Creating the Mesial Developmental Depression

Exercise: Drawing the Cervical Line on the Mesial and Distal Aspects

References

12 Permanent Maxillary Second Premolar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Maxillary Right Second Premolar

Buccal Aspect

Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Palatal Aspect

Mesial Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect

Carving the Root. Exercise: Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Buccopalatal Outline of the Root on the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Drawing the Cervical Line on the Mesial and Distal Aspect

References

13 Permanent Mandibular First Premolar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Mandibular Right First Premolar

Buccal Aspect

Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Length of the Crown and the Root

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimensions

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown and Carving Excess Wax

Mesial Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Buccolingual Dimension of the Crown on the Mesial Surface of the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Bucal Surface

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Lingual Surface

Exercise: Creating the Lingual Tilt of the Occlusal Surface

Lingual Aspect

Distal Aspect

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Groove Outline and Carving Fossae

Exercise: Creating the Mesial and Distal Slopes of the Buccal Triangular Ridge and Sulcus

Exercise: Carving the Mesiolingual Developmental Groove

Carving the Root

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Lingual Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Lingual Convergence of the Root

Exercise: Creating Developmental Depression on Root Surfaces

References

14 Permanent Mandibular Second Premolar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Mandibular Right Second Premolar – Three‐Cusp Type

Buccal Aspect

Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Marking Length of the Crown and the Root

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimensions

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown and Carving Excess Wax

Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Buccolingual Dimension of the Crown on the Mesial Surface of the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown

Exercise: Carving on the Buccal Surface

Exercise: Creating the Lingual Sloping of the Occlusal Surface

Exercise: Carving the Lingual Excess Wax

Lingual Aspect

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Mesial and Distal Triangular Fossae

Exercise: Carving the Buccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Distolingual Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Mesiolingual Cusp

Carving the Root

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Lingual Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Root from the Mesial Aspect with Lingual Convergence

Exercise: Creating Developmental Depression on the Root Surfaces

References

15 Permanent Maxillary First Molar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Maxillary Right First Molar

Buccal Aspect

Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Length of the Crown and the Root

Exercise: Marking the Dimension of the Crown on the Buccal Surface of the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Outline of the Crown on the Buccal Surface of the Wax Block

Exercise: Carving the Excess Wax from the Buccal Aspect of the Wax Block

Mesial Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Dimension of the Crown on the Mesial Surface of the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Outline on the Mesial Aspect of the Wax Block

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Palatal Surface

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from the Buccal Surface

Distal Aspect

Palatal Aspect

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Grooves and Carving the Mesial Triangular Fossa

Exercise: Carving the Triangular Ridge of the Mesio‐buccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Mesial Triangular Ridge of the Mesiopalatal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Mesial Slope of the Distobuccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Distal Fossa

Exercise: Carving the Distal Slope of the Distobuccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Distal and Mesial Slope of the Distopalatal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Distal Slope of the Distal Cuspal Ridge of the Mesiopalatal Cusp

Exercise: Creating the Slopes of the Marginal Ridges

Exercise: Creating the Ridges on the Buccal and Palatal Surfaces of Each Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Cusp of Carabelli

Root Carving

Exercise: Carving the Roots from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Roots from the Proximal (Mesial) Aspect

Exercise: Drawing the Cervical Line

References

16 Permanent Maxillary Second Molar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Maxillary Right Second Molar

Buccal Aspect

Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Crown and Root Length on the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimension on the Buccal Surface

Exercise: Marking the Outline and Carving on the Mesial and Distal Side

Mesial Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Buccopalatal Dimension on the Mesial Surface

Exercise: Marking the Outline and Carving on the Buccal and Palatal Sides

Palatal Aspect

Distal Aspect

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect. Exercise: Carving the Cuspal Ridges, Fossae, and Ridges

Exercise: Reducing the Buccopalatal Dimension on the Distal Half of the Crown

Exercise: Carving the Excess Wax from the Palatal Surface of the Distopalatal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Excess Wax from the Buccal Surface of the Distobuccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Excess Wax from the Distal Surface of the Crown

Carving the Root

References

17 Permanent Mandibular First Molar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Mandibular Right First Molar

Buccal Aspect

Lingual Aspect

Carving on the Buccal Aspect. Exercise: Marking the Length of the Crown and the Root

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimension of the Crown on the Buccal Surface

Exercise: Reduction of Wax on the Proximal Side and Marking the Outline of the Crown on the Buccal Surfaces of the Wax Block

Exercise: Carving the Excess Wax from Mesial and Distal Side of Outline

Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Dimension and Outline of the Crown

Exercise: Carving the Wax to Obtain the Lingual Outline

Exercise: Carving the Wax to Obtain the Buccal Outline

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Grooves and Carving the Mesial and Distal Triangular Fossae

Exercise: Carving the Mesial and Distal Slopes of the Mesiobuccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Mesial and Distal Slopes of the Distobuccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Distal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Mesial and Distal Slopes of the Distolingual Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Mesial and Distal Slopes of the Mesiolingual Cusp

Exercise: Creating the Ridges on the Buccal and Lingual Surfaces

Carving the Roots

Exercise: Carving the Roots from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Carving at the Furcal Portion

Exercise: Carving the Roots from the Proximal (Distal) Aspect

Exercise: Carving the Cervical Line

References

18 Permanent Mandibular Right Second Molar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Permanent Mandibular Right Second Molar

Buccal Aspect

Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Length of the Crown and Root on the Buccal Surface of the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Mesiodistal Dimension of the Crown on the Buccal Surface of the Wax Block

Exercise: Marking the Outline and Carving on the Mesial and Distal Sides

Mesial Aspect

Distal Aspect

Carving from the Mesial Aspect

Exercise: Marking the Buccolingual Dimension on the Mesial Surface

Exercise: Marking the Outline and Carving on the Buccal and Lingual Sides

Lingual Aspect

Occlusal Aspect

Carving from the Occlusal Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Groove Outline and Fossa

Exercise: Carving the Mesiobuccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Distobuccal Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Distolingual Cusp

Exercise: Carving the Mesiolingual Cusp

Exercise: Creating the Buccal and Lingual Ridge on Surfaces

Exercise: Carving Excess Wax from Other Surfaces

Root Carving

Exercise: Carving from the Buccal Aspect

Exercise: Carving from the Distal Aspect

Exercise: Creating the Depression on the Root Surfaces

Exercise: Carving the Cervical Line

References

19 Waxing of the Maxillary Right Central Incisor. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Exercise: Initial Layer of Wax Application

Waxing the Labial Surface

Exercise: Waxing the Cervical Third of the Labial Surface

Exercise: Placing the Cones and Contour Bars on the Labial Surface

Exercise: Filling the Gaps between the Contour Bars and Placement of the Incisal Ridge Bar

Waxing the Palatal Surface

Exercise: Waxing the Cervical Third of the Palatal Surface

Exercise: Waxing to Create the Mesial and Distal Marginal Ridges and Bulk of the Cingulum

Exercise: Waxing the Middle Part (Fossa Area) of the Palatal Surface and Creating the Incisal Ridge

Exercise: Application of the Final Layer of Molten Wax on the Labial and Palatal Surfaces

References

20 Waxing of the Permanent Mandibular Right Central Incisor. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Exercise: Application of Die Lubricant

Waxing the Labial Surface

Exercise: Initial Layer of Wax Application

Exercise: Waxing the Cervical Portion of the Labial Surface

Exercise: Placing the Cones and Contour Bars on the Labial Surface and Incisal Edge

Exercise: Waxing the Space Between the Contour Bars

Waxing the Lingual Surface

Exercise: Waxing the Cervical Portion of the Lingual Surface

Exercise: Creating Ridges on the Lingual Surface of the Prepared Crown

References

21 Waxing of the Permanent Maxillary Left Canine. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Exercise: Application of Die Lubricant

Waxing the Labial Surface

Exercise: Initial Layer of Wax Application

Exercise: Waxing the Cervical Portion of the Labial Surface

Exercise: Placing the Cones and Contour Bars on the Labial Surface and Creating the Mesial and Distal Cuspal Ridges

Exercise: Waxing the Space Between the Contour Bars

Waxing the Palatal Surface

Exercise: Waxing the Cervical Portion of the Palatal Surface

Exercise: Waxing to Create the Mesial and Distal Marginal Ridges, Palatal Ridge, and Bulk of the Cingulum

References

22 Waxing of the Permanent Maxillary Left First Premolar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Exercise: Initial Layer of Wax Application

Exercise: Placing the Cones and Contour Bars

Exercise: Placing the Ridge Bars and Filling the Space Between Them

Exercise: Adding the Bulk of the Wax on the Proximal (Mesial and Distal) and Palatal Surfaces

Exercise: Placing the Palatal Ridge Bars on the Occlusal Surface

Exercise: Waxing the Slopes of the Triangular Ridges on the Occlusal Surface

References

23 Waxing of the Permanent Maxillary Right First Molar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Exercise: Application of the Initial Layer of Wax

Exercise: Placing the Cones and Contour Bars

Exercise: Placing the Cuspal Ridges and Marginal Ridges

Exercise: Placing the Marginal Ridges and Ridges of the Occlusal Surface

Exercise: Bulk Waxing of the Buccal, Palatal, and Proximal Surfaces

Exercise: Waxing the Slopes of the Triangular Ridges, Oblique Ridge, and Transverse Ridge on the Occlusal Surface

References

24 Waxing of the Permanent Mandibular Right First Molar. LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Exercise: Initial Layer of Wax Application

Exercise: Placing the Cones and Contour Bars

Exercise: Placing the Cuspal Ridges and Marginal Ridges

Exercise: Placing the Ridges of the Occlusal Surface

Exercise: Bulk Waxing of the Buccal, lingual, and Proximal Surfaces

Exercise: Waxing the Slopes of the Triangular Ridges on the Occlusal Surface

References

Index. a

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Отрывок из книги

Anil Bangalore Shivappa

King Faisal University

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Figure 2.10 Modified pen grasp used for holding the instruments.

The ridge or elevation that runs cervico‐occlusally on the buccal surface of the posterior teeth (Figure 4.3a) [1, 2].

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