Оглавление
Anil K. Chopra. Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FOR CONCRETE DAMS. Analysis, Design, and Evaluation
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction. 1.1 EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCE: CASES WITH STRONGEST SHAKING†
1.2 COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 TRADITIONAL DESIGN PROCEDURES: GRAVITY DAMS
1.3.1 Traditional Analysis and Design
1.3.2 Earthquake Performance of Koyna Dam
1.3.3 Limitations of Traditional Procedures
1.4 TRADITIONAL DESIGN PROCEDURES: ARCH DAMS. 1.4.1 Traditional Analysis and Design
1.4.2 Limitations of Traditional Procedures
1.5 UNREALISTIC ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC DEMAND AND STRUCTURAL CAPACITY
1.6 REASONS WHY STANDARD FINITE‐ELEMENT METHOD IS INADEQUATE
1.7 RIGOROUS METHODS
1.8 SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION
NOTES
Part I GRAVITY DAMS
2 Fundamental Mode Response of Dams Including Dam–Water Interaction. PREVIEW
2.1 SYSTEM AND GROUND MOTION
2.2 DAM RESPONSE ANALYSIS
2.2.1 Frequency Response Function
2.2.2 Earthquake Response: Horizontal Ground Motion
2.3 HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES
2.3.1 Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions
2.3.2 Solutions to Boundary Value Problems
2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Forces on Rigid Dams
2.3.4 Westergaard's Results and Added Mass Analogy
2.4 DAM RESPONSE ANALYSIS INCLUDING DAM–WATER INTERACTION
2.5 DAM RESPONSE. 2.5.1 System Parameters
2.5.2 System and Cases Analyzed
2.5.3 Dam–Water Interaction Effects
2.5.4 Implications of Ignoring Water Compressibility
2.5.5 Comparison of Responses to Horizontal and Vertical Ground Motions
2.6 EQUIVALENT SDF SYSTEM: HORIZONTAL GROUND MOTION
2.6.1 Modified Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio
2.6.2 Evaluation of Equivalent SDF System
2.6.3 Hydrodynamic Effects on Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio
2.6.4 Peak Response
APPENDIX 2: WAVE-ABSORPTIVE RESERVOIR BOTTOM. A2.1 Reservoir Bottom Sediments
A2.2 Application to Flexible Foundation
A2.3 Comments on the Absorbing Boundary
NOTES
3 Fundamental Mode Response of Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction. PREVIEW
3.1 SYSTEM AND GROUND MOTION
3.2 DAM RESPONSE ANALYSIS INCLUDING DAM–FOUNDATION INTERACTION. 3.2.1 Governing Equations: Dam Substructure
3.2.2 Governing Equations: Foundation Substructure
3.2.3 Governing Equations: Dam–Foundation System
3.2.4 Dam Response Analysis
3.3 DAM–FOUNDATION INTERACTION. 3.3.1 Interaction Effects
3.3.2 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass
3.4 EQUIVALENT SDF SYSTEM: DAM–FOUNDATION SYSTEM
3.4.1 Modified Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio
3.4.2 Evaluation of Equivalent SDF System
3.4.3 Peak Response
3.5 EQUIVALENT SDF SYSTEM: DAM–WATER–FOUNDATION SYSTEM
3.5.1 Modified Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio
3.5.2 Evaluation of Equivalent SDF System
3.5.3 Peak Response†
APPENDIX 3: EQUIVALENT SDF SYSTEM
NOTES
4 Response Spectrum Analysis of Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction. PREVIEW
4.1 EQUIVALENT STATIC LATERAL FORCES: FUNDAMENTAL MODE
4.1.1 One‐Dimensional Representation
4.1.2 Approximation of Hydrodynamic Pressure
4.2 EQUIVALENT STATIC LATERAL FORCES: HIGHER MODES
4.3 RESPONSE ANALYSIS. 4.3.1 Dynamic Response
4.3.2 Total Response
4.4 STANDARD PROPERTIES FOR FUNDAMENTAL MODE RESPONSE
4.4.1 Vibration Period and Mode Shape
4.4.2 Modification of Period and Damping: Dam–Water Interaction
4.4.3 Modification of Period and Damping: Dam–Foundation Interaction
4.4.4 Hydrodynamic Pressure
4.4.5 Generalized Mass and Earthquake Force Coefficient
4.5 COMPUTATIONAL STEPS
4.6 CADAM COMPUTER PROGRAM
4.7 ACCURACY OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
4.7.1 System Considered
4.7.2 Ground Motions
4.7.3 Response Spectrum Analysis
4.7.4 Comparison with Response History Analysis
NOTES
5 Response History Analysis of Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction. PREVIEW
5.1 DAM–WATER–FOUNDATION SYSTEM
5.1.1 Two‐Dimensional Idealization
5.1.2 System Considered
5.1.3 Ground Motion
5.2 FREQUENCY‐DOMAIN EQUATIONS: DAM SUBSTRUCTURE
5.3 FREQUENCY‐DOMAIN EQUATIONS: FOUNDATION SUBSTRUCTURE
5.4 DAM–FOUNDATION SYSTEM. 5.4.1 Frequency‐Domain Equations
5.4.2 Reduction of Degrees of Freedom
5.5 FREQUENCY–DOMAIN EQUATIONS: FLUID DOMAIN SUBSTRUCTURE. 5.5.1 Boundary Value Problems
5.5.2 Solutions for Hydrodynamic Pressure Terms
5.5.3 Hydrodynamic Force Vectors
5.6 FREQUENCY‐DOMAIN EQUATIONS: DAM–WATER–FOUNDATION SYSTEM
5.7 RESPONSE HISTORY ANALYSIS
5.8 EAGD‐84 COMPUTER PROGRAM
APPENDIX 5:WATER–FOUNDATION INTERACTION. A5.1 Effects of Water–Foundation Interaction
A5.2 Modeling Water–Foundation Interaction
NOTE
6 Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction Effects in Earthquake Response. PREVIEW
6.1 SYSTEM, GROUND MOTION, CASES ANALYZED, AND SPECTRAL ORDINATES. 6.1.1 Pine Flat Dam
6.1.2 Ground Motion
6.1.3 Cases Analyzed and Response Results
6.2 DAM–WATER INTERACTION. 6.2.1 Hydrodynamic Effects
6.2.2 Reservoir Bottom Absorption Effects
6.2.3 Implications of Ignoring Water Compressibility
6.3 DAM–FOUNDATION INTERACTION. 6.3.1 Dam–Foundation Interaction Effects
6.3.2 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass
6.4 DAM–WATER–FOUNDATION INTERACTION EFFECTS
7 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Earthquake Responses of Dams. PREVIEW
7.1 COMPARISON OF COMPUTED AND RECORDED MOTIONS. 7.1.1 Choice of Example
7.1.2 Tsuruda Dam and Earthquake Records
7.1.3 System Analyzed
7.1.4 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Responses
7.2 KOYNA DAM CASE HISTORY. 7.2.1 Koyna Dam and Earthquake Damage
7.2.2 Computed Response of Koyna Dam
7.2.3 Response of Typical Gravity Dam Sections
7.2.4 Response of Dams with Modified Profiles
APPENDIX 7: SYSTEM PROPERTIES
Part II ARCH DAMS
8 Response History Analysis of Arch Dams Including Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction. PREVIEW
8.1 SYSTEM AND GROUND MOTION
8.2 FREQUENCY‐DOMAIN EQUATIONS: DAM SUBSTRUCTURE
8.3 FREQUENCY‐DOMAIN EQUATIONS: FOUNDATION SUBSTRUCTURE
8.4 DAM–FOUNDATION SYSTEM. 8.4.1 Frequency‐Domain Equations
8.4.2 Reduction of Degrees of Freedom
8.5 FREQUENCY‐DOMAIN EQUATIONS: FLUID DOMAIN SUBSTRUCTURE
8.6 FREQUENCY‐DOMAIN EQUATIONS: DAM–WATER–FOUNDATION SYSTEM
8.7 RESPONSE HISTORY ANALYSIS
8.8 EXTENSION TO SPATIALLY VARYING GROUND MOTION
8.9 EACD‐3D‐2008 COMPUTER PROGRAM
NOTES
9 Earthquake Analysis of Arch Dams: Factors to Be Included. PREVIEW
9.1 DAM–WATER–FOUNDATION INTERACTION EFFECTS
9.1.1 Dam–Water Interaction
9.1.2 Dam–Foundation Interaction
9.1.3 Dam–Water–Foundation Interaction
9.1.4 Earthquake Responses
9.2 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION ANALYSES
9.2.1 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass
9.2.2 Implications of Ignoring Water Compressibility
9.3 INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN GROUND MOTIONS
9.3.1 January 13, 2001 Earthquake
9.3.2 January 17, 1994 Northridge Earthquake
NOTE
10 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Motions. PREVIEW
10.1 EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF MAUVOISIN DAM. 10.1.1 Mauvoisin Dam and Earthquake Records
10.1.2 System Analyzed
10.1.3 Spatially Varying Ground Motion
10.1.4 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Responses
10.2 EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF PACOIMA DAM. 10.2.1 Pacoima Dam and Earthquake Records
10.2.2 System Analyzed
10.2.3 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Responses: January 13, 2001 Earthquake
10.2.4 Comparison of Computed Responses and Observed Damage: Northridge Earthquake
10.3 CALIBRATION OF NUMERICAL MODEL: DAMPING
NOTE
11 Nonlinear Response History Analysis of Dams. PREVIEW
PART A: NONLINEAR MECHANISMS AND MODELING. 11.1 LIMITATIONS OF LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES
11.2 NONLINEAR MECHANISMS
11.2.1 Concrete Dams
11.2.2 Foundation Rock
11.2.3 Impounded Water
11.2.4 Pre‐Earthquake Static Analysis
11.3 NONLINEAR MATERIAL MODELS. 11.3.1 Concrete Cracking
11.3.2 Contraction Joints: Opening, Closing, and Sliding
11.3.3 Lift Joints and Concrete–Rock Interfaces: Sliding and Separation
11.3.4 Discontinuities in Foundation Rock
11.4 MATERIAL MODELS IN COMMERCIAL FINITE‐ELEMENT CODES
PART B: DIRECT FINITE‐ELEMENT METHOD. 11.5 CONCEPTS AND REQUIREMENTS
11.6 SYSTEM AND GROUND MOTION. 11.6.1 Semi‐Unbounded Dam–Water–Foundation System
11.6.2 Earthquake Excitation
11.7 EQUATIONS OF MOTION
11.8 EFFECTIVE EARTHQUAKE FORCES. 11.8.1 Forces at Bottom Boundary of Foundation Domain
11.8.2 Forces at Side Boundaries of Foundation Domain
11.8.3 Forces at Upstream Boundary of Fluid Domain
11.9 NUMERICAL VALIDATION OF THE DIRECT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
11.9.1 System Considered and Validation Methodology
11.9.2 Frequency Response Functions
11.9.3 Earthquake Response History
11.10 SIMPLIFICATIONS OF ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
11.10.1 Using 1D Analysis to Compute Effective Earthquake Forces
11.10.2 Ignoring Effective Earthquake Forces at Side Boundaries
11.10.3 Avoiding Deconvolution of the Surface Free‐Field Motion
11.10.4 Ignoring Effective Earthquake Forces at Upstream Boundary of Fluid Domain
11.10.5 Ignoring Sediments at the Reservoir Boundary
11.11 EXAMPLE NONLINEAR RESPONSE HISTORY ANALYSIS
11.11.1 System and Ground Motion
11.11.2 Computer Implementation
11.11.3 Earthquake Response Results
11.12 CHALLENGES IN PREDICTING NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF DAMS
NOTES
Part III DESIGN AND EVALUATION
12 Design and Evaluation Methodology. PREVIEW
12.1 DESIGN EARTHQUAKES AND GROUND MOTIONS
12.1.1 ICOLD and FEMA
12.1.2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
12.1.3 Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD), State of California
12.1.4 U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
12.1.5 Comments and Observations
12.2 PROGRESSIVE SEISMIC DEMAND ANALYSES
12.3 PROGRESSIVE CAPACITY EVALUATION
12.4 EVALUATING SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
12.5 POTENTIAL FAILURE MODE ANALYSIS
NOTES
13 Ground‐Motion Selection and Modification. PREVIEW
PART A: SINGLE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF GROUND MOTION
13.1 TARGET SPECTRUM. 13.1.1 Uniform Hazard Spectrum
13.1.2 Uniform Hazard Spectrum Versus Recorded Ground Motions
13.1.3 Conditional Mean Spectrum
13.1.4 CMS‐UHS Composite Spectrum
13.2 GROUND‐MOTION SELECTION AND AMPLITUDE SCALING
13.3 GROUND‐MOTION SELECTION TO MATCH TARGET SPECTRUM MEAN AND VARIANCE
13.4 GROUND‐MOTION SELECTION AND SPECTRAL MATCHING
13.5 AMPLITUDE SCALING VERSUS SPECTRAL MATCHING OF GROUND MOTIONS
PART B: TWO HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS OF GROUND MOTION
13.6 TARGET SPECTRA
13.7 SELECTION, SCALING, AND ORIENTATION OF GROUND‐MOTION COMPONENTS
PART C: THREE COMPONENTS OF GROUND MOTION
13.8 TARGET SPECTRA AND GROUND‐MOTION SELECTION
NOTES
14 Application of Dynamic Analysis to Evaluate Existing Dams and Design New Dams. PREVIEW
14.1 SEISMIC EVALUATION OF FOLSOM DAM
14.2 SEISMIC DESIGN OF OLIVENHAIN DAM
14.3 SEISMIC EVALUATION OF HOOVER DAM
14.4 SEISMIC DESIGN OF DAGANGSHAN DAM
NOTE
References
Notation
PART I: CHAPTERS 2–8. Abbreviations
Roman Symbols
Greek Symbols
PART II: CHAPTERS 9–11. Abbreviations
Roman Symbols
Greek Symbols
PART III: CHAPTERS 12–14. Abbreviations
Roman Symbols
Greek Symbols
Index
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