Air Pollution, Clean Energy and Climate Change

Air Pollution, Clean Energy and Climate Change
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AIR POLLUTION, CLEAN ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Anthropogenic climate change is a globally recognized threat multiplier. Yet, decades of intergovernmental negotiations have failed to curb toxic levels of fossil fuel energy-related air pollution which the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified as the world's largest, single environmental health risk. Lying in plain view are the troubling truths about the morbidity and ill-health burdens associated with anthropogenic climate change that are borne by those who have done the least to contribute to per capita emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. Ignoring the nexus between air pollution, lack of access to clean energy and climate adversities represents a collective failure of the UN's ambitious, universally agreed upon 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda (SDA) which pledged ' to leave no one behind '. This book highlights the air pollution crisis that emanates from the heavy reliance on polluting forms of energy and the urbanization of poverty in developing countries. It provides a framework for understanding why the broader sustainable development community needs to address the more neglected intersection between adverse climatic impacts and energy-related air pollution which devastates the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable amongst us, especially young children, women and the elderly. It focuses on the importance of breaking down persistent global silos and goals on sustainable energy for all, and climate change reflected in the UN's 2030 SDA, and the 2015 Paris Agreement. Integrating clean air and climate mitigation measures that specifically include curbing short lived climate pollutants such as black carbon via innovative partnerships/modalities are seen as vital to clean energy and climate responsive action. This book argues that linked actions by non-nation state actors aimed at reducing air pollution and ameliorating short term climate pollutants in the most populous cities, particularly in countries like India where annual average particulate matter pollution levels consistently exceed WHO guidelines are essential in reducing grave health costs and disease burdens. Air Pollution, Clean Energy and Climate Change will be of particular interest to policy makers, researchers, environmental advocates, civil society stakeholders and practitioners who want to understand the urgency of addressing linkages between climate change, fossil fuel energy, air pollution and public health risks. The cover image is an oil painting by Anilla Cherian, which incorporates tree bark and twigs, and serves as a reminder of the daily energy sources used by millions who lack access to clean energy and are exposed to high levels of household air pollution. It is the second-part of a series, with the first one serving as the cover image to Energy and Global Climate Change (Cherian, 2015). Photograph of painting by Alison Sheehy Photography.

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Anilla Cherian. Air Pollution, Clean Energy and Climate Change

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Air Pollution, Clean Energy and Climate Change

Preface

Notes

1 Destroying Lives and Evidenced in Plain Sight: The Intertwined Crises of Climate Change, Lack of Access to Clean Energy and Air Pollution. 1.1 Now or Never: The Urgency of Linked Action on Clean Air and Clean Energy in the Struggle Against Climate Change

Box 1.1 WHO air quality guideline values issued in 2005

Box 1.2 What are short‐lived climate pollutants? (Excerpted from Climate & Clean Air Coalition)

1.2 Time to Look Beyond UN SILOS on Sustainable Energy and Climate Change to Curb Toxic Air Pollution: Why Non‐Nation‐State Actors (NNSAs) Matter in the Fight for Clean Air, Clean Energy and Climate

1.3 Mapping the Scope of the World’s Largest Environmental Health Risk: Why Curbing Particulate Matter Air Pollution Matters for Millions of Lives

Box 1.3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: under‐recognition and inequitable impacts on the poor

Box 1.4 Strong linkages between climate change, air pollution and health

Box 1.5 Burdens of air pollution on children: key findings related to disproportionate burdens

1.4 Outlining Scope of Work: Brief Overview and Caveats as to Limitations

References

2 Identifying the Locus for Global Action on Clean Energy and Climate Change within the UN: Confronting Segregated Global Goals and Partnership Silos. 2.1 Background: Confronting Global Neglect of Climate Related Health Risks

2.2 Segregated UN Goal Silos on Clean Energy and Climate Change

Box 2.1 Assessment of progress towards MDG 8 targets related to private sector

Box 2.2 SDG 7 – targets and indicators

Box 2.3 SDG 13 – Targets and indicators

2.3 Delving into the UN Acronym Soup on Partnerships for Sustainable Development

2.4 Conclusion: Confusion Rather Than Clarity Prevails with Segregated Silos and Partnerships on Sustainable Energy and Climate Change

References

3 Looking Beyond the Global Climate Change Negotiations Silo: Examining UN Climate Change Outcomes for Linked Action on Clean Air and Clean Energy for All. 3.1 Time to Look Beyond Tense Annual Climate Negotiations: Developing Countries’ Urgent Needs

3.2 Shedding Some Light on Clean Energy and Climate Action by NNSAs Within the UNFCCC: A Brief Overview of the Clean Development Mechanism

Box 3.1 Countries included in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol and their emissions targets

3.3 Role of NNSAs in the PA: Explosive Growth but Still Operating from the Margins of the UNFCCC Negotiations Framework

3.4 Moving Beyond the Hype: Need for a Twenty‐First Century Inclusive Framework on NNSAs Partnership on Climate and Clean Energy

Box 3.2 Three years of the One Planet Summits

Box 3.3 Summary of key search results of global climate action/NAZCA portal (as of on 22 April (Earth Day) 2021)

References

4 On the Frontlines for Clean Air and Climate Action: Role of Cities and India in Mitigating PM Pollution. 4.1 The Urgency of Curbing Urban Air Pollution: Layering of Ill Health and Morbidity Burdens

Box 4.1 Drinking water: Key facts (Excerpt from WHO 2019)

4.2 On the Front Lines: Role of Cities as the Loci for Linked Action on Clean Air and Climate

Box 4.2 World capital city ranking arranged by annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3)

4.3 Toxic Air: Why the Future of Integrated Action on Clean Air and Clean Energy Lies with India and Indian Cities

Box 4.3 Key findings excerpted from India Energy Outlook

4.4 Looking towards a Cleaner/Greener Future

References

5 The Urgency of Curbing SLCPs: Why Reducing BC Emissions Matters. 5.1 Understanding the Relevance of Reducing PM Pollution: Context and Background

5.2 The Urgency of Curbing BC Emissions: Human Health and Climate Implications

Box 5.1 Challenges and benefits of reducing emissions BC and O3

5.3 The Most Successful Regional Air Pollution Treaty Which Other Regions Could Benefit From?: Brief Overview of CLRTAP and the Gothenburg Protocol

Box 5.2 Eight protocols of the LRTAP (including the Gothenburg Protocol)

5.4 Curbing the Toxic Pall Over Cities and Regions: Measures to be Considered

5.5 Conclusion

Box 5.3 Key factors identified by WHO related to curbing carbon and SLCPs

Box 5.4 Key findings of IEA global energy review 2021

References

6 The Nexus between Mitigating Air Pollution and Climate Change is Crucial: Time to Stop Knuckle‐dragging, Break Global Policy Silos and Spur NNSAs. 6.1 Urgency of Integrated Action on Clean Air and Climate: Reframing and Breaking Silos

6.2 NNSA – Private Sector’s Shift Away from Fossil Fuels but Where is the Change for the Energy Poor?: Snapshot View of Two Different CEOs on the Risk of Climate Change

6.3 Leaning into the Nexus on Clean Energy, Clean Air and Climate Responsive Action Matters

Box 6.1 Task Force On Climate‐Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD): key takeaways and findings

Box 6.2 50 corporations shaping the global climate agenda: key findings from InfluenceMap’s 2019 report

6.4 Global Action on Clean Air, Clean Energy and Climate Mitigation Cannot be Implemented in Segregated Silos

Box 6.3 Examples of partnership initiatives for NSAs seeking involvement in implementation of the SDGs

6.5 Conclusion

References

Index. a

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Anilla Cherian

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Another recent example of this ‘climate apartheid’ scenario albeit by the well‐intentioned wealthy was the 2019 convening of a by‐invitation only, celebrity‐focused, three‐day Google camp on climate change. According to an article in Ecowatch, this event which cost upwards of $20 million meant that the Palermo airport had to be readied ‘for the expected arrival of 114 private jets not to mention private helicopters, yachts and limousines used for the transportation of the various guests’. As the article notes, the modalities used to convene this event were in stark contrast to the event’s promised mission, ‘as a flight from New York to Palermo, Sicily, generates around 4.24 metric tons of CO2’, which is ‘a lot of carbon for just a few people. And, that doesn't include the greenhouse gasses emitted by the 2,300 horsepower diesel‐engine private yachts’ that several attendees used (Davidson 2019). The imbalance in per capita GHG emissions is unambiguous across and within countries and cities and makes the dissonance between those who lack access to non‐polluting energy sources yet also contribute the least in term of per capita emissions versus those who proclaim the need for climate activism by jetting around the world harder to ignore.

IPCC’s AR6 Working Group 1 SPM leaves little room for equivocation or doubt as to the global urgency of climate action. The climate response to a broader range of GHGs, land use and air pollutant futures than assessed in AR5 are considered consistently via five new emissions scenarios and include:

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