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Anne Dambricourt Malasse. Embryogeny and Phylogeny of the Human Posture 2
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Embryogeny and Phylogeny of the Human Posture 2. A New Glance at the Future of our Species
1. The 20th Century. A New Science: Human Paleontology. 1.1. Introduction
1.2. Human paleontology, a nascent science
1.2.1. The Java erect ape-man, or the missing link, Pithecanthropus
1.2.2. Human paleontology and secularism
1.2.3. The first Neanderthal Man in French territory and his ancestor in Germanic lands
1.2.4. The Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, a foundation of Prince Albert 1st of Monaco
1.3. Presuppositions. 1.3.1. The Neanderthal Man, a stooped posture?
1.3.2. Embryologists, geneticists and paleontology at the beginning of the 20th century
2. Asia, The Cradle of Humanity. 2.1. Teilhard de Chardin, a destiny from Piltdown to the Muséum
2.2. The primate ancestor of the human lineage in Montauban
2.3. Teilhard de Chardin sets out the main phylogenetic principles
2.4. Human paleontology is a branch of planetology
2.5. China, the promise of very ancient mammalian and human species
2.6. Peking Man: a small brain but well-cut tools
2.7. The first study of the internal basis of a Hominidae fossil
2.8. A new paradigm: telencephalization
3. South and East Africa: The New Cradle. 3.1. Gracile, robust Australopithecines and Humans
3.2. “A systematic research plan for Early Man in South Africa”
3.3. The Princeton synthetic theory (neo-Darwinism) and the Sorbonne replica (neo-Lamarckism)
3.4. Hominization, “background orthogenesis”
3.5. First synthesis: Man and the third axis of cosmic evolution of increasing complexity–consciousness
4. The Body, Arboricolism and Adaptation: The Years 1950–1980. 4.1. Under the brain, a body
4.2. Hominization of the skull and posture, French schools. 4.2.1. The École de Paris, The Sorbonne Museum of Natural History. Dr. Robert Gudin’s pantograph (1951)
The living mechanics of André Leroi-Gourhan
4.2.1.1. Antoine Delattre’s École de Lille (1950–1960)
4.2.1.2. The École de Nantes and the cephalometric analysis of Jean Delaire
4.2.1.3. The cranio-palatal balance of Dr. Marie-Josèphe Deshayes (1986)
5. The Embryonic and Phylogenetic Origins of Human Posture. 5.1. A reversal of perspectives. 5.1.1. The origins of Man: the first doctoral school of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
5.1.1.1. As a prologue
Emblematic fossils and constructive controversy
5.2. Evidence of craniofacial contraction. 5.2.1. Materials, method and objectives
5.2.2. Protocol and results for current species. 5.2.2.1. The mandible
5.2.2.1.1. Homo sapiens
5.2.2.1.2. Great apes (paninae, ponginae), gibbon (Hylobates) and Cercopithecus
Paninae and ponginae
The gibbon (Hylobatidae)
The Cercopithecus (Cercopithecidae)
5.2.3. Comparison of mandibular growth trajectories
5.2.3.1. The mandible in its cranial context
The ponginae-paninae divergence
5.2.3.2. Collaboration with M.J. Deshayes (1988–1997)
The divergence of the orangutan
5.3. The embryonic origin of the sphenoidal angle and cranio-spinal straightening. 5.3.1. Chondrocranium rotation according to Levi (1900)
5.3.2. A marker for embryonic trajectories: the dorsal cord
5.3.3. Morphogenesis of Meckel’s cartilage
5.3.4. The organization of intra-sphenoidal synchondrosis: a convection cell
5.3.5. The planum basale of other primates and mammals
5.3.5.1. The sloth, an arboreal mammal of tropical America
5.3.5.2. The prosimians
5.3.5.3. Monkeys and great apes. Catarhini: Cercopithecidae
Platyrrhini
Great ape: the chimpanzee
5.3.6. Sphenoid rotation and semi-circular channels
5.3.7. The base of a human fetus without straightening: the semi-circular canals are still human
5.4. Craniofacial contraction
5.4.1. The double craniofacial pantograph
5.4.2. Internal and external craniofacial contraction angles
5.4.2.1. A new angle for a better understanding of the evolution of straightening
5.4.2.2. Conclusion
5.4.2.3. Angles of internal and external craniofacial contraction in the sagittal and transverse planes
5.4.2.3.1. Materials and results
5.5. Conclusion: developmental heterochronies and dynamic trajectories
6. Fossil Species: From the First Primates to the First Hominids. 6.1. Mandibles, witnesses of straightening
6.1.1. The first primates
6.1.2. The first simians or monkeys
6.1.3. Great apes. 6.1.3.1. The first fossils, Africa, 20 Ma
6.1.3.2. Asia: a great bipedal monkey of 6 Ma
6.1.3.3. The only complete skull, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 7 Ma, is a great ape
6.2. The great ape-Hominidae transition: an acceleration in the complexity of embryogenesis. 6.2.1. Ardipithecus: 5.8 to 3.8 Ma, Ethiopia
6.2.2. Where to find their origins: trees, tall grasses or the placenta?
6.2.3. Australopithecus and the oldest species that defines it: anamensis or afarensis?
6.2.4. Australopithecus and Homo contemporaries at 4 million years?
6.3. Axial straightening, cranio-palatal balance and occlusion of Hominids sensu stricto. 6.3.1. The Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene African Hominids. 6.3.1.1. The mandible
6.3.1.2. The gain in axial verticality and craniofacial contraction of Australopithecus
6.3.1.3. Taung’s child
6.3.1.4. Sterkfontein 5 (Sts 5)
6.3.1.5. Vectors of occipital squamous growth
6.3.1.6. Cranio-palatal balance: the postural breakthrough with the great apes
6.3.1.7. Frontalization of the petrous pyramids
Australopithecus aethiopicus: KNM-WT 17000 (2.52 Ma)
6.3.1.8. Australopithecus afarensis of Aramis, ARA-VP-1-500, 3.8 Ma
6.3.1.9. Kenyanthropus platyops, an australopithecine or human straightening?
6.3.1.10. Paranthropus or Australopithecus robustus?
6.3.1.11. A skull of Homo habilis in South Africa?
6.3.2. Basi-cranial straightening, cerebellization and encephalization
6.3.3. Conclusion: Australopithecus, Paranthropus and prae-Homo, three thresholds of embryonic verticality
6.3.4. Humanity’s territory of otherness
7. Homo and Sapiens Embryogenesis. 7.1. Fossil taxa of the genus Homo
7.2. Fossil mandibles from Homo sapiens
7.3. The Neanderthal is not a Sapiens
7.4. The cerebellum position of extinct Homo species
7.5. What is the relationship between the Neanderthals and the Sapiens? 7.5.1. Skhul in Israel (Near East): the oldest Sapiens burial but with a young Neanderthal too
7.5.2. Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (North Africa) is not a Homo sapiens
7.5.3. Homo floresiensis, the Asian Hobbit, parent of Homo habilis
7.5.4. Conclusion: the embryonic threshold between Homo and Sapiens
7.6. The collapse of a paradigm: Man was present in Asia before the end of the Tertiary Era
7.7. Gracilization, cerebellization, anticipation and emotion
7.8. The new Rubicon: brain stem verticality and cerebellar instability. 7.8.1. The body axis and Earth’s gravity field
7.8.2. Tools or utensils?
7.8.3. From the reflection of the image to the symbolic creation of its meaning
7.9. New sciences for an emerging evolutionary problem
7.10. The future of Sapiens, a dialog between the cerebellum and the brain?
Conclusion. Irreversibility, Responsibility, Otherness
References
Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J, K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R, S
T
V, W, Z
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