Оглавление
Annie Lorrain Smith. Lichens
Lichens
Table of Contents
PREFACE
GLOSSARY
ERRATA
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY
A. Introductory
B. Period I. Previous to 1694
C. Period II. 1694-1729
D. Period III. 1729-1780
E. Period IV. 1780-1803
F. Period V. 1803-1846
G. Period VI. 1846-1867
H. Period VII. 1867 and after
CHAPTER II. CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS
I. LICHEN GONIDIA
1. GONIDIA IN RELATION TO THE THALLUS. A. Historical account of Lichen Gonidia
B. Gonidia contrasted with Algae
C. Culture Experiments with the Lichen Thallus
D. Theories as to the Origin of Gonidia
E. Microgonidia
F. Composite Nature of Thallus
G. Synthetic Cultures
H. Hymenial Gonidia
I. Nature of Association between Alga and Fungus
J. Recent views on Symbiosis and Parasitism
2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SYMBIONTS
A. Nutrition of Algae
B. Nutrition of Fungi
C. Symbiosis of other Plants
II. LICHEN HYPHAE
A. Origin of Hyphae
B. Development of lichenoid Hyphae
C. Culture of Hyphae without Gonidia
D. Continuity of Protoplasm in Hyphal Cells
III. LICHEN ALGAE
A. Types of Algae
B. Changes induced in the Alga
C. Constancy of Algal Constituents
D. Displacement of Algae within the Thallus
E. Non-gonidial Organisms associated with Lichen Hyphae
F. Parasitism of Algae on Lichens
CHAPTER III. MORPHOLOGY
GENERAL ACCOUNT OF LICHEN STRUCTURE
I. ORIGIN OF LICHEN STRUCTURES
A. Forms of Cell-Structure
B. Types of Thallus
II. STRATOSE THALLUS
1. CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS. A. General Structure
B. Saxicolous Lichens
C. Corticolous Lichens
2. SQUAMULOSE LICHENS. A. Development of the Squamule
B. Tissues of Squamulose Thallus
3. FOLIOSE LICHENS. A. Development of foliose Thallus
B. Cortical Tissues
C. Gonidial Tissues
D. Medulla and Lower Cortex
E. Structures for Protection and Attachment
F. Strengthening Tissues of Stratose Lichens
III. RADIATE THALLUS
1. CHARACTERS OF RADIATE THALLUS
2. INTERMEDIATE TYPES OF THALLUS
3. FRUTICOSE AND FILAMENTOUS. A. General Structure of Thallus
B. Special strengthening Structures
C. Survey of Mechanical Tissues
D. Reticulate Fronds
E. Rooting Base in Fruticose Lichens
IV. STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS
1. STRATOSE OR PRIMARY THALLUS. A. General Characteristics
B. Tissues of the Primary Thallus
2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY THALLUS. A. Origin of the Podetium
B. Structure of the Podetium
C. Development of the Scyphus
D. Branching of the Podetium
E. Perforations and Reticulation of the Podetium
F. Rooting Structures of Cladoniae
G. Haptera
H. Morphology of the Podetium
I. Pilophorus and Stereocaulon
V. STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS
1. AERATION STRUCTURES. A. Cyphellae and Pseudocyphellae
B. Breathing-Pores
C. General Aeration of the Thallus
2. CEPHALODIA. A. Historical and Descriptive
B. Classification
I. Cephalodia vera
II. Pseudocephalodia
C. Algae that form Cephalodia
D. Development of Cephalodia
E. Autosymbiotic Cephalodia
3. SOREDIA. A. Structure and Origin of Soredia
B. Soralia
C. Dispersal and Germination of Soredia
D. Evolution of Soredia
4. ISIDIA. A. Form and Structure of Isidia
B. Origin and Function of Isidia
VI. HYMENOLICHENS
A. Supposed Affinity with other Plants
B. Structure of Thallus
C. Sporiferous Tissues
CHAPTER IV. REPRODUCTION
1. REPRODUCTION BY ASCOSPORES
A. Historical Survey
B. Forms of Reproductive Organs
C. Development of Reproductive Organs
1. DISCOLICHENS
2. PYRENOLICHENS
D. Apogamous Reproduction
E. Discussion of Lichen Reproduction
F. Final Stages of Apothecial Development
G. Lichen Asci and Spores
II. SECONDARY SPORES
A. Reproduction by Oidia
B. Reproduction by Conidia
C. Campylidium and Orthidium
III. SPERMOGONIA OR PYCNIDIA
A. Historical Account of Spermogonia
B. Spermogonia as Male Organs
C. Occurrence and Distribution
D. Structure
E. Spermatia or Pycnidiospores
F. Pycnidia with Macrospores
G. General Survey
CHAPTER V. PHYSIOLOGY
I. CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS
A. Cell-Membranes
B. Contents and Products of the Fungal Cells
C. Oil-Cells
D. Lichen-Acids
E. Chemical Grouping of Lichen-Acids
I. LICHEN-ACIDS OF THE FAT SERIES
II. LICHEN-ACIDS OF THE BENZOLE SERIES
Subseries I. Orcine Derivatives
Subseries II. Anthracene Derivatives
F. Chemical Reagents as Tests for Lichens
G. Chemical Reactions in Nature
II. GENERAL NUTRITION
A. Absorption of Water
B. Storage of Water
C. Supply of Inorganic Food
D. Supply of Organic Food
III. ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION
A. Influence of Temperature
B. Influence of Moisture
IV. ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS
A. Effect of Light on the Thallus
B. Effect on Reproductive Organs
V. COLOUR OF LICHENS
A. Origin of Lichen-Colouring
CHAPTER VI. BIONOMICS
A. Growth and Duration
B. Season of Fruit Formation
C. Dispersal and Increase
D. Erratic Lichens
E. Parasitism
F. Diseases of Lichens
G. Harmful Effect of Lichens
H. Gall-Formation
CHAPTER VII. PHYLOGENY
I. GENERAL STATEMENT
A. Origin of Lichens
B. Algal Ancestors
C. Fungal Ancestors
II. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
A. Theories of Descent in Ascolichens
B. Relation of Lichens to Fungi
III. THE THALLUS
A. General Outline of Development
B. Comparative Antiquity of Algal Symbionts
C. Evolution of Phycolichens
D. Evolution of Archilichens
CHAPTER VIII. SYSTEMATIC
I. CLASSIFICATION
A. Work of successive Systematists
Series 1. PYRENOCARPEAE
Series 2. GYMNOCARPEAE
Subseries 1. CONIOCARPINEAE
Subseries 2. GRAPHIDINEAE
Subseries 3. CYCLOCARPINEAE
Subclass 2. Hymenolichens
B. Families and Genera of Ascolichens
Series I. PYRENOCARPINEAE
I. Moriolaceae
II. Epigloeaceae
III. Verrucariaceae
IV. Dermatocarpaceae
V. Pyrenothamniaceae
VI. Mastoideaceae
VII. Pyrenulaceae
VIII. Paratheliaceae
IX. Trypetheliaceae
X. Astrotheliaceae
XI. Mycoporaceae
XII. Phyllopyreniaceae
XIII. Strigulaceae
XIV. Pyrenidiaceae
Series II. GYMNOCARPEAE
XV. Caliceaceae
XVI. Cypheliaceae
XVII. Sphaerophoraceae
XVIII. Arthoniaceae
XIX. Graphidaceae
XX. Chiodectonaceae
XXI. Dirinaceae
XXIII. Lecanactidaceae
XXIV. Pilocarpaceae
XXV. Chrysotrichaceae
XXVI. Thelotremaceae
XXVII. Diploschistaceae
XXVIII. Ectolechiaceae
XXIX. Gyalectaceae
XXX. Coenogoniaceae
XXXI. Lecideaceae
XXXII. Phyllopsoraceae
XXXIII. Cladoniaceae
XXXIV. Gyrophoraceae
XXXV. Acarosporaceae
XXXVI. Ephebaceae
XXXVII. Pyrenopsidaceae
XXXVIII. Lichinaceae
XXXIX. Collemaceae
XL. Heppiaceae
XLI. Pannariaceae
XLII. Stictaceae
XLIII. Peltigeraceae
XLIV. Pertusariaceae
XLV. Lecanoraceae
XLVI. Parmeliaceae
XLVII. Usneaceae
XLVIII. Caloplacaceae
XLIX. Teloschistaceae
L. Buelliaceae
LI. Physciaceae
C. *Hymenolichens
II. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF LICHENS
1. ESTIMATES OF NUMBER
2. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. A. General Survey
B. Lichens of Polar Regions
C. Lichens of the Temperate Zones
D. Lichens of Tropical Regions
III. FOSSIL LICHENS
CHAPTER IX. ECOLOGY
A. General Introduction
B. External Influences
C. Lichen Communities
1. ARBOREAL
2. TERRICOLOUS
3. SAXICOLOUS
4. OMNICOLOUS LICHENS
5. LOCALIZED COMMUNITIES
D. Lichens As Pioneers
CHAPTER X. ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL
A. Lichens as Food
B. Lichens as Medicine
C. Lichens as Poisons
D. Lichens used in Tanning, Brewing and Distilling
E. Dyeing Properties of Lichens
F. Lichens in Perfumery
G. Some minor Uses of Lichens
APPENDIX. POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII[1325]
ADDENDUM. Footnote to Page 404
Footnote
BIBLIOGRAPHY. OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CITED IN THE TEXT
INDEX
