Оглавление
Anthony Giddens. Sociology
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
List of Classic studies
List of Using Your Sociological Imagination
List of Global society
Guide
Pages
Preface to the Ninth Edition
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Four central themes
Globalization
Globalization in the ninth edition
Social inequality
Social inequality in the ninth edition
The digital revolution
The digital revolution in the ninth edition
Identity
Identity in the ninth edition
The main elements of our approach
Interactive features
CONTENTS
An introduction to sociology
The sociological imagination
THINKING CRITICALLY
Studying people and societies
The development of sociological thinking
Theories and theoretical perspectives
Founders of sociology
Auguste Comte
Emile Durkheim
Classic studies 1.1 Emile Durkheim’s study of suicide. The research problem
Durkheim’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Three theoretical traditions
Functionalism
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 1.1 Neglected founders of sociology?
Harriet Martineau (1802–76)
W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963)
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
THINKING CRITICALLY
Conflict theories
Symbolic interactionism
Traditions and theories
Levels of analysis: microsociology and macrosociology
The uses of sociology
Public and professional sociology
Summary
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Human subjects, ethical issues
THINKING CRITICALLY
Science and sociology
What is ‘science’ anyway?
Positivism and the philosophy of science
Lessons from the history of science
Scientific sociology?
THINKING CRITICALLY
The research process
Defining the problem
Reviewing existing evidence
Making the problem precise
Working out a design
Conducting the research
Interpreting and reporting the findings
Understanding cause and effect
Causation and correlation
Causal mechanisms
Controls
Identifying causes
Sociological research methods
Ethnography
Surveys
Sampling
Advantages and disadvantages of surveys
The questionnaire – standardized or open-ended?
Experiments
Biographical research
Comparative and historical research
Classic studies 2.1 The social psychology of prison life. The research problem
Zimbardo’s explanation
THINKING CRITICALLY
Visual sociology
Classic studies 2.2 Theda Skocpol’s comparison of social revolutions. The research problem
Skocpol’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Digital sociology
THINKING CRITICALLY
Triangulation and mixing methods
The influence of sociology
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Theories, theorists and perspectives
Towards sociology
THINKING CRITICALLY
Positivism and ‘social evolution’
Karl Marx: revolution not evolution
Marx’s theoretical approach: historical materialism
Successive modes of production: a successful grand theory?
Evaluation
Classic studies 3.1Neo-Marxism: the Frankfurt School of critical theory
THINKING CRITICALLY
Establishing sociology
Emile Durkheim: the social level of reality
Evaluation
THINKING CRITICALLY
Twentieth-century structural functionalism
Max Weber: capitalism and religion
Religion in the heart of capitalism?
Evaluation
THINKING CRITICALLY
Symbolic interactionism, phenomenology and ethnomethodology
Challenging mainstream sociology
Feminism against malestream sociology
Feminist theories
THINKING CRITICALLY
Poststructuralism and postmodernity
THINKING CRITICALLY
Decolonizing sociology
THINKING CRITICALLY
Enduring theoretical dilemmas
Social structure and human agency
Beyond structure and agency?
Norbert Elias and figurational sociology
Anthony Giddens and structuration theory
THINKING CRITICALLY
Consensus versus conflict
Societies and sociology in transformation
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 3.1 Marx and Weber – the shaping of the modern world
THINKING CRITICALLY
Global society 3.1Rationalization as McDonaldization?
Reflexivity, risk and cosmopolitan theory
Anthony Giddens on social reflexivity
Ulrich Beck – risk in the second modernity
Cosmopolitanism
THINKING CRITICALLY
Conclusion: sociological theory in development
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Early societies and civilizations
Human origins and migration
Global society 4.1Humans and the domestication of fire
Traditional civilizations
The transformation of societies
Modernity and industrial technology
THINKING CRITICALLY
Classifying the world’s societies
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 4.1 Newly industrializing countries
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
How societies change
Economic development
Socio-cultural change
Political organization
Globalization
Elements of globalization
Information technology
Classic studies 4.1 Immanuel Wallerstein on the modern world-system. The research problem
Wallerstein’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Information flows
The interweaving of cultures and economies
Global society 4.2International tourist interactions
THINKING CRITICALLY
Transnational corporations
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 4.2 ‘Barbie’ and the development of global commodity chains
THINKING CRITICALLY
Political globalization
Structuring the globalization debate
Hyperglobalizers
Sceptics
Transformationalists
Globalization, regionalization or something else?
Consequences of globalization
Glocalization not globalization
Global society 4.3Reggae – a global musical style?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Reflexive individualism
Classic studies 4.2Anthony Giddens: riding the juggernaut of modernity. The research problem
Giddens’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
How to govern a global society?
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Nature, environment and society. From nature to environment
THINKING CRITICALLY
Sociology and the environment
Theorizing the society–nature nexus
Environmental issues
Global warming
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 5.1 Crossing the species barrier: the UK BSE crisis
THINKING CRITICALLY
What is global warming?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Global society 5.1Greenhouse gases
The potential consequences of global warming
Questioning the science
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 5.2 ClimateGate: a cautionary tale
THINKING CRITICALLY
Responding to global warming
THINKING CRITICALLY
Air and water pollution. Air pollution
THINKING CRITICALLY
Water pollution
Global society 5.2Susan Freinkel on our love–hate affair with plastic
Solid waste and recycling
Food shortages and biotechnology
The GM food controversy
THINKING CRITICALLY
The environment in sociological theory
Living in the global ‘risk society’
Classic studies 5.1 Ulrich Beck and the global risk society. The research problem
Beck’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Consumerism and environmental damage
Decarbonizing the ‘car system’?
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 5.3 The car is dead – long live the car?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Consumerism: a romantic ethic?
Limits to growth and sustainable development
Sustainable development
Classic studies 5.2 Modelling the limits to economic growth. The research problem
Meadows and colleagues’ explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Ecological modernization
Global society 5.3Solar power: ecological modernization in practice?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Environmental justice and ecological citizenship
An Anthropocene era?
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
THINKING CRITICALLY
Extremes of inequality
Global inequality
Discourses of global inequality
Measuring economic inequality
THINKING CRITICALLY
Low-income countries
High-income countries
Middle-income countries
Inequality and human development
Unequal life chances
Health
Hunger, malnutrition and famine
Education, literacy and child labour
Global society 6.1 Child labour in agriculture
THINKING CRITICALLY
The changing human population
Population analysis: demography
Dynamics of population change
Malthusian concerns
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 6.1 Demography – the key concepts
THINKING CRITICALLY
The demographic transition
Classic studies 6.1 Demographic transition theory. The research problem
The Demographic Transition Model
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Development theories and their critics
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 6.2 Raising the ‘bottom billion’ out of poverty
THINKING CRITICALLY
Theories of development
Market-oriented modernization theories
Classic studies 6.2 Walt Rostow and the stages of economic growth. The research problem
Rostow’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Dependency and world-systems theories
Global society 6.2 Big oil, Nigeria and the OPL 245 deal
THINKING CRITICALLY
State-centred theories
Post-development critiques
Evaluating theories of development
Development amid inequality
Prospects for the twenty-first century
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Gender, sex and sexuality
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender identity
Social constructions of gender and sexuality
Researching sexual practices
Classic studies 7.1 Uncovering sexual diversity in the USA
Kinsey’s findings
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Sources of evidence on sexual activity
Global society 7.1 Sex and manners in comparative perspective
Sexuality, religion and morality
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender inequality
Feminist perspectives
Liberal feminism
Socialist and Marxist feminism
Radical feminism
Black feminism
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 7.1 Theorizing patriarchy
THINKING CRITICALLY
Postmodern feminism and queer theory
Feminist movements
THINKING CRITICALLY
The gender order
Classic studies 7.2 Connell on the dynamics of the gender order. The research problem
Connell’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Change in the gender order: crisis tendencies
Masculinities
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 7.2 Masculinity and sexuality in schools
THINKING CRITICALLY
LGBTQ+ civil rights
Gay rights and homophobia
THINKING CRITICALLY
Transgender rights and feminism
Global society 7.2 Gender and sexuality in the ninth edition
Globalization, human trafficking and sex work
Global human trafficking
Global society 7.3 The global trade in female sex workers
Sex work
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender and sexuality: all change again?
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Key concepts. Race
THINKING CRITICALLY
Ethnicity
Global society 8.1 Colonialism and the Atlantic slave trade
THINKING CRITICALLY
Minority ethnic groups
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 8.1 Black identity and the ‘new ethnicities’
Prejudice and discrimination
THINKING CRITICALLY
The persistence of racism
Classic studies 8.1 Institutional racism – the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. The research problem
Macpherson’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
From ‘old’ to ‘new’ forms of racism
Sociological theories of racism
Ethnocentrism, group closure and allocation of resources
Global society 8.2 Racial segregation in apartheid South Africa
Conflict theories
THINKING CRITICALLY
Employment, housing and criminal justice
Trends in employment
Housing
The criminal justice system
Ethnic diversity, integration and conflict
Ethnic diversity
Models of ethnic integration
THINKING CRITICALLY
Ethnic conflict
Global society 8.3 Genocide in Rwanda
Migration in a global age
Migration and the decline of empire: Britain since the 1960s
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 8.2 The Windrush scandal
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
Migration and the European Union
Globalization and migration
Classic studies 8.2 Patterns of mobility in the new age of migration. The research problem
Castles and Miller’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Global diasporas
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Systems of stratification
THINKING CRITICALLY
Slavery
Caste
Caste in India and South Africa
Estates
Class
THINKING CRITICALLY
Theorizing social class
Karl Marx’s theory of class conflict
Max Weber: class, status and party
Classic studies 9.1 Marx on class and revolution. The research problem
Marx’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Bringing Marx and Weber together?
Intersecting inequalities
Mapping the class structure
Class position as occupation?
Classic studies 9.2 John Goldthorpe and the EGP class schema. The research problem
Goldthorpe’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Class divisions in the developed world. The question of the upper class
Global society 9.1 Are you on the global ‘rich list’?
THINKING CRITICALLY
The expanding middle class
The changing working class
THINKING CRITICALLY
Is there an underclass?
Class and lifestyles
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 9.1 The death of class?
A time of social change
Increase in consumer power
Processes of globalization
Nothing but a theory?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender and stratification
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 9.2 ‘Disidentifying’ with the working class?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Determining women’s class position
The impact of women’s employment on class divisions
Social mobility
Comparative mobility studies
Global society 9.2 Is inequality declining in class-based societies?
Downward mobility
Social mobility in Britain
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender and social mobility
Meritocracy and the persistence of social class
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
THINKING CRITICALLY
The sociology of health and illness
Defining health
Sociological perspectives on health and illness
Classic studies 10.1Talcott Parsons on society’s ‘sick role’ The research problem
Parsons’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Illness as ‘lived experience’
Biomedicine and its critics
Public health
The biomedical model
THINKING CRITICALLY
Criticisms of the biomedical model
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 10.1 Complementary or Alternative Medicine?
THINKING CRITICALLY
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 10.2 Psychopharmaceuticals: from treatment to enhancement?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Innovative health technologies
THINKING CRITICALLY
Pandemics and globalization
The Great Disruption: Covid-19
The HIV/AIDS pandemic
Global society 10.1 The stigma of HIV in rural China
Preventing an Ebola pandemic
THINKING CRITICALLY
Health inequalities
Social class and health
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender and health
Ethnicity and health
Health and social cohesion
THINKING CRITICALLY
The sociology of disability
The individual model of disability
The social model of disability
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 10.3 Applying the social model to assumptions in the OPCS questions
THINKING CRITICALLY
Evaluation of the social model
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 10.4 ‘Cripping’ theory and politics
THINKING CRITICALLY
Disability, law and public policy
Disability around the world
Health and disability in a changing world
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Poverty. Defining poverty
How much poverty? Official measurements of poverty
THINKING CRITICALLY
Poverty and relative deprivation
Classic studies 11.1 Peter Townsend on poverty and deprivation. The research problem
Townsend’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
The risk of becoming poor
Children
Women
Minority ethnic groups
Older people
THINKING CRITICALLY
Explaining poverty
Poverty and social mobility
Social exclusion
Dimensions of social exclusion
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 11.1 Social exclusion at the top?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Homelessness
The welfare state
Theories of the welfare state
Gøsta Esping-Andersen: three worlds of welfare
Classic studies 11.2 T. H. Marshall and the evolution of citizenship in Britain. The research problem
Marshall’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
The UK welfare state
THINKING CRITICALLY
Founding the British welfare state
Reforming the welfare state: 1979–97
THINKING CRITICALLY
Reforming the welfare state: 1997–2010
The welfare state in an age of austerity: 2010–
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 11.2 Welfare-to-work in the USA
THINKING CRITICALLY
New challenges for old welfare states
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Studying the micro level
Non-verbal communication
The human face, gestures and emotions
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender and the body
Embodiment and identities
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 12.1 Everyday sexism in public places
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
Actors, stage-sets and complementary roles
Encounters
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 12.2 Encountering ‘dangerous persons’
THINKING CRITICALLY
Impression management
Classic studies 12.1 Erving Goffman – ‘all the world’s (a bit like) a stage’ The research problem
Goffman’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Complementary roles: staging intimate examinations
Desexualizing the body in public places
Personal space
The rules of social interaction
Shared understandings
Classic studies 12.2 Harold Garfinkel’s experiments in ethnomethodology. The research problem
Garfinkel’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Interactional vandalism
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 12.3 Why are other people so rude?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Response cries
Interaction in time and space
Interaction norms for the digital age
Interaction and communication at a distance
Netiquette or ‘cybermanners’
Building trust online
Global society 12.1 The creation and maintenance of ‘e-trust’
Conclusion: a need or no need for proximity?
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Cities
Industrialization and urbanization
THINKING CRITICALLY
Development of the modern city
Global cities
Global society 13.1 How to design (and build) a global city: Dubai
THINKING CRITICALLY
Theorizing urbanism
Community and the urban personality
Classic studies 13.1 The metropolis and mental life. The research problem
Simmel’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
The Chicago School
Urban ecology
Classic studies 13.2 Urbanism as a way of life. The research problem
Wirth’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
City spaces, surveillance and inequality
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 13.1 Social inequalities in ‘cities of quartz’
THINKING CRITICALLY
Social movements and collective consumption
Evaluation
Urban trends, infrastructure and sustainable cities
Urban trends in the Global North
Suburbanization
Inner-city decay
Urban renewal
Gentrification and urban recycling
Urbanization in the Global South
Global society 13.2 The largest rural–urban migration in human history?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Challenges of urbanization
Urban infrastructure
Sustainable cities
The city in a global era
Global society 13.3 Sustainable cities from scratch
THINKING CRITICALLY
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Self-formation and socialization. Theories of child development
Classic studies 14.1 George Herbert Mead –Mind, Self and Society. The research problem
Mead’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Jean Piaget and the stages of cognitive development
THINKING CRITICALLY
Agencies of socialization
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 14.1 Playing with gender
THINKING CRITICALLY
Learning gender
Sigmund Freud and gender identity
Global society 14.1 Gender roles in children’s fiction
THINKING CRITICALLY
Carol Gilligan – morality, care and justice
Classic studies 14.2 Nancy Chodorow: attachment, separation and gender identities. The research problem
Chodorow’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
The life course
THINKING CRITICALLY
Childhood
Constructing childhoods
Teenage and youth culture
Young adulthood
Mature adulthood
Ageing
THINKING CRITICALLY
The ‘greying’ of human societies
Ageing processes
Biological ageing
Psychological ageing
Social ageing
THINKING CRITICALLY
Aspects of ageing
Inequality in old age
The feminization of later life
Age and ethnicity
Growing old: competing explanations
First-generation theories: functionalism
Second-generation theories: age stratification and life course theory
Third-generation theories: political economy
The politics of ageing. Is there a global ageing crisis?
Global society 14.2 China’s ageing population
THINKING CRITICALLY
Ageism
Death, dying and bereavement. The sociology of death and dying
Theorizing death and dying
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 14.2 An ageless future?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Assisted dying – a developing debate
Destigmatizing death and dying
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
The family as institution and ideology
Functions of the family
Classic studies 15.1 Talcott Parsons on the functions of the family. The research problem
Parsons’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Feminist approaches
The family in decline, or the way we never were?
Family practices
‘Doing’ family life
Classic studies 15.2 From social institution to family practices. The research problem
Morgan’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Work, housework and gender inequality
Housework
THINKING CRITICALLY
Domestic and family violence
The sexual abuse of children
Domestic violence
Global society 15.1 The extent of domestic violence – a global view
THINKING CRITICALLY
Family diversity and intimate relations
Diverse family structures
South Asian families
African-Caribbean families
Theories of love, intimacy and personal life
The ‘normal chaos’ of love
THINKING CRITICALLY
Liquid love?
Marriage, divorce and separation. The normalization of divorce
Single-parent households
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 15.1 Diane Vaughan on ‘uncoupling’: the experience of breaking up
THINKING CRITICALLY
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 15.2 Carol Smart and Bren Neale’s Family Fragments?
THINKING CRITICALLY
New partnerships, ‘blended’ families and kin relations. LGBTQ+ partnerships
Remarriage
Blended or step-families
Cohabitation
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 15.3 Bean-pole families
THINKING CRITICALLY
Staying single
Kinship relations
Families in global context
Merging or diversifying family patterns?
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Theories of education and schooling
Education as socialization
Schooling for capitalism?
THINKING CRITICALLY
The hidden curriculum
Education and cultural reproduction
Classic studies 16.1 Basil Bernstein on language and social class. The research problem
Bernstein’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Learning to labour – by failing in school?
Education, cultural capital and the formation of ‘habitus’
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 16.1 Learning not to labour
THINKING CRITICALLY
Acquiring cultural capital
Reproducing gender divisions
Summary
Social divisions in education
A changing gendered pattern
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 16.2 The British public schools
THINKING CRITICALLY
Gender and achievement
Explaining the gender gap
Gender and higher education
THINKING CRITICALLY
Ethnic diversity, racism and achievement
THINKING CRITICALLY
Higher education
Evaluation
Education in global context
Primary school enrolments
Literacy and illiteracy
THINKING CRITICALLY
Creating literate environments
Global society 16.1 The threat of literacy in colonial regimes
THINKING CRITICALLY
Education systems in development
Secondary schooling
Diversification and ‘choice’
Summary
Higher education in the UK
THINKING CRITICALLY
The digitization of learning
Digital classrooms?
Global society 16.2 The lifelong learning environment
THINKING CRITICALLY
Opportunities and obstacles for online HE
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
What is work?
Definitions and types of work
THINKING CRITICALLY
Classic studies 17.1 Ann Oakley on housework and the housewife role. The research problem
Oakley’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
The social organization of work
Trade unions in decline?
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 17.1 Industrial conflict and strikes
Strikes
THINKING CRITICALLY
Transforming the world of work
Scientific management and Fordism
Post-Fordist change
Group production, flexibility and global production
Criticisms of post-Fordism
The feminization of work
Gender inequality at work
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 17.2 The five Cs of women’s work
THINKING CRITICALLY
Changes in the domestic division of labour
Automation and skills
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 17.3 The end of (human) work?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Classic studies 17.2 Harry Braverman on the degradation of work in capitalist economies. The research problem
Braverman’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
The knowledge economy
Portfolio workers and homeworking
The gig economy and unemployment
Insecurity in the gig economy
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 17.4 Less work = a better life?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Global society 17.1 Gig work in Ghana and London
THINKING CRITICALLY
Unemployment
Global society 17.2 Offshoring the service sector?
THINKING CRITICALLY
The future(s) of work
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
The sociological study of religion
What is religion?
Sociologists and religion
THINKING CRITICALLY
The classical sociology of religion
Karl Marx: religion and inequality
THINKING CRITICALLY
Emile Durkheim: religious rituals and solidarity
Max Weber: the world religions and social change
Classic studies 18.1 The elementary forms of the religious life. The research problem
Durkheim’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Critical assessment of the classics
An emerging secular age?
The sociological debate
THINKING CRITICALLY
Beyond the secularization thesis?
The rise of the tribes?
Everyday ‘lived religion’
Global society 18.1 Living a personal religion
Laura
THINKING CRITICALLY
Evaluating the secularization thesis
Religious organizations and movements
Organizing religion
THINKING CRITICALLY
Churches and sects
Denominations and cults
Religious movements
New religious movements
World-affirming movements
World-rejecting movements
World-accommodating movements
THINKING CRITICALLY
Contemporary religion: trends and challenges
Christianity, gender and sexuality
American exceptionalism?
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 18.1 Losing My Religion?
Europe’s young adults and religion
THINKING CRITICALLY
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 18.2 Competing in the religious economy?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Fundamentalism
Christian fundamentalism
THINKING CRITICALLY
Islamic fundamentalism
The spread of Islamic revivalism
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Media diversity
The digital revolution
THINKING CRITICALLY
The internet
Evaluating the internet
Global society 19.1 China and Russia: national states versus global media?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Television
Television and social life
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 19.1 Can television survive the digital revolution?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Music
Globalization and the digitization of music
Newspapers
Theorizing the media
Functionalism
Conflict theories
Political economy approaches
Ideology and bias in the media
Classic studies 19.1 ‘Bad News’ from the Glasgow University Media Group. The research problem
The Glasgow Group’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
The culture industry
THINKING CRITICALLY
The fall of the public sphere?
Symbolic interactionism
Classic studies 19.2 Jürgen Habermas – the rise and fall of the public sphere. The research problem
Habermas’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Postmodern theory
Baudrillard and hyperreality
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 19.2 New public sphere or trash TV?
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
Audiences and representations
The active audience
Representing social divisions
Ownership, power and alternative media
Media imperialism?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Alternative media
Global society 19.2 Global news from the Middle East: Al Jazeera
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Political sociology
Power
Foucault on power
Classic studies 20.1 Stephen Lukes – a ‘radical view’ of power. The research problem
Lukes’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Authoritarianism and democratic politics
Forms of authoritarianism
Democratic politics
THINKING CRITICALLY
Elites and bureaucracies against democracy?
Elites and elite theory
Bureaucracy against democracy?
Defending bureaucracy
THINKING CRITICALLY
Political ideologies
Twenty-first-century populism
Ideologies in development
Democratization and global governance
The fall of communism
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 20.1 Politics at the ‘end of history’?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Democracy and its discontents
Democracies in trouble?
Global governance: prospects and reality
Global society 20.1 The European Union: successful pooling of sovereignty?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Social movements: beyond formal politics
What are social movements?
Theorizing social movements
Collective behaviour and social unrest
Classic studies 20.2 Neil Smelser on understanding social movements. The research problem
Smelser’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Resource mobilization
THINKING CRITICALLY
New social movements
New issues
New organizational forms
New action repertoires
New social constituencies
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 20.2 The Gay Liberation Front
THINKING CRITICALLY
Globalization and the ‘social movement society’
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
Nations, national identity and human rights
Nationalism and modernity
THINKING CRITICALLY
Classic studies 21.1 Norbert Elias – on the process of civilization. The research problem
Elias’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Nations without states
THINKING CRITICALLY
Nations and nationalism in the Global South
Nation-states, globalization and human rights
THINKING CRITICALLY
Human rights – universal and particular
War, genocide and transitions to peace
Theorizing war and genocide
The changing nature of war
Classic studies 21.2 Carl von Clausewitz,On War(1832)
THINKING CRITICALLY
Global society 21.1 Cambodia’s ‘Khmer Rouge’ regime
Communist philosophy
Opening up
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 21.1 Modernity and the Holocaust
THINKING CRITICALLY
Old and new wars
Peace processes
THINKING CRITICALLY
Terrorism
What is terrorism?
Old and new terrorism
Old terrorism
New terrorism
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 21.2 The rise and fall of Islamic State
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
Conclusion
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
CONTENTS
The basic concepts
THINKING CRITICALLY
Theories of crime and deviance
Functions and dysfunctions of crime
Crime and anomie: Durkheim and Merton
Normalizing deviance
Evaluation
Interactionist perspectives
Classic studies 22.1 Robert Merton and the failing American dream. The research problem
Merton’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
Labelling perspectives
THINKING CRITICALLY
Classic studies 22.2 Stan Cohen’s folk devils and moral panics. The research problem
Cohen’s explanation
Critical points
Contemporary significance
THINKING CRITICALLY
Evaluation
Conflict theories
THINKING CRITICALLY
Left Realism
Controlling crime
Right Realism
Environmental criminologies
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 22.1 From broken windows to Black Lives Matter?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Theoretical conclusions
Patterns of crime
Understanding crime statistics
Gender, sexuality and hate crime
Male and female crime rates
Crimes against women
Sexual orientation hate crimes
THINKING CRITICALLY
Young people as offenders and victims
‘White-collar’, corporate and state crime
Corporate crime
USING YOUR SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION. 22.2 The criminogenic corporations of capitalism?
THINKING CRITICALLY
State crime
Crime in global context
Organized crime
The changing face of organized crime
Cybercrime
Global society 22.1 Mexico’s war on drugs
What led to the cartels’ growth?
What measures has Mexico taken to stem the drug trade?
What has the toll been on human rights?
THINKING CRITICALLY
Global society 22.2 Cyber security: policing the ransomware gangs
THINKING CRITICALLY
Conclusion: globalization, deviance and social order
Chapter review
Research in practice
Thinking it through
Society in the arts
Further reading
Internet links
Glossary. A
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Picture acknowledgements
Index
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