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Aristotle . Athenian Constitution
Athenian Constitution
Table of Contents
Preface
Constitution of Athens
I. Sketch of Athenian History
1. Condemnation [of the Alcmeonidae]. Purification of the city by Epimenides
2. Oligarchical constitution of the country, and miserable economic condition of the populace
3. Summary of pre-Draconian constitution. Origin of the Archons; duration of their office, and their official residences. Predominant position of the Areopagus as guardian of the constitution
4. The constitution of Draco: the franchise given to those who could furnish a military equipment. Qualifications of Archons, Treasurers, Strategi, and Hipparchi. Council of 401. Classification of the population on a property basis. Position of Areopagus maintained
5. Political strife, leading to appointment of Solon as mediator and Archon: his own description of his task
6. The Seisachtheia
7. The constitution of Solon. The property classes
8. The constitution of Solon. Mode of election of magistrates. Tribes, Trittyes, and Naucraries. Council of 400. Council of Areopagus; its powers of supervision. Penalty for indifference in times of civil strife
9. The constitution of Solon. Democratic features: (1) prohibition of loans secured on the debtor’s person; (2) general right to claim redress of wrong; (3) the appeal to the jury-courts
10. Solon’s reforms of the currency and the standards of weights and measures
11. Popular opinion on Solon’s reforms
12. Quotations from his poems to illustrate his own view of his policy
13. Continuance of political strife. Damasias’s coup d’état. The three political parties: (1) the Shore, (2) the Plain, (3) the Mountain
14. Usurpation of Pisistratus: his first expulsion and restoration
15. Usurpation of Pisistratus: his second expulsion and final restoration. Disarmament of the people
16. Usurpation of Pisistratus: characteristics of his rule
17. Usurpation of Pisistratus: his death and family
18. The rule of the Pisistratidae. Harmodius and Aristogeiton
19. Deterioration of the tyrants’ administration. Attacks by exiles, headed by Alcmeonidae: many failures, and final success through the Delphic oracle and Spartan help. Expulsion of the Pisistratidae
20. Cleisthenes: struggle with Isagoras, backed by the Spartans under Cleomenes. Final expulsion of Spartans, and triumph of the people
21. Reforms of Cleisthenes. Establishment of ten tribes: Council of 500: division of population into demes, grouped in trittyes
22. Reforms of Cleisthenes. The law of ostracism: its application, and growth of popular control of politics. Marathon: the mines of Maroneia and the building of a navy under Themistocles’ inspiration: Salamis
23. Revival of Areopagus through its efficiency in Persian war: its good administration. Aristides and Themistocles. The Ionian League
24. Aristides and the League: the population of Athens supported by the revenues of the League
25. Fall of the Areopagus: Ephialtes and Themistocles
26. Increasing laxity of administration, due to political demagogism. Inefficiency of aristocratic leaders. Zeugitae made eligible for Archonship. Institution of local justices. Restriction of franchise to persons of citizen birth by both parents
27. Rise of Pericles. Outbreak of Peloponnesian War. Institution of pay for services in law-courts, leading eventually to public demoralization and corruption
28. Growth of demagogism after Pericles’ death. Summary of party leaderships from time of Solon. Deterioration of popular leaders: Cleon, Cleophon, and progenies uitiosior. The best statesmen of these later times. Nicias, Thucydides, and Theramenes
29. Fall of the democracy. Constitution of the Four Hundred: stages in its establishment: (a) Committee of 30: recommend Constituent Assembly of Five Thousand
30. Fall of the democracy. (b) The Five Thousand appoint 100 commissioners to draft constitution. These draw up (1) a constitution for the future, with Councils composed of men over 30, and
31. ... (2) a scheme for immediate adoption, based on a Council of Four Hundred with full powers of administration
32. Rule of the Four Hundred: failure of negotiations with Sparta
33. Loss of Euboea; fall of Four Hundred: the government entrusted to the Five Thousand, with good results. The Revolution led by Theramenes
34. The Five Thousand dispossessed: the popular Assembly resumes control. Battle of Arginusae. Spartan offer of peace rejected. Battle of Aegospotami: fall of Athens. The Thirty established in power by Lysander
35. Rule of the Thirty: rapid deterioration
36. Opposition of Theramenes: nominal Assembly of Three Thousand
37. Thrasybulus and the exiles at Phyle. Execution of Theramenes, and admission of Spartan garrison
38. Defeat and deposition of the Thirty. Council of Ten. Defection of the populace. Second Council of Ten, which restores peace
39. Terms of reconciliation: settlement of partisans of the Thirty at Eleusis
40. The restored democracy; statesmanlike action of Archinus. End of the secession to Eleusis
41. Recapitulation of successive constitutions, from Ion to the restored democracy. Payment for attendance at the Assembly
II. The Constitution of Athens in the Fourth Century
42. Admission to the franchise: the training of the youths
43. The Council of Five Hundred: its Prytanes. The programme of the Assembly
44. The Council of Five Hundred. President of the Prytanes: the Proedri
45. The Council of Five Hundred. Criminal jurisdiction of the Council; its limitation to preliminary investigation. Examination of magistrates, similarly limited
46. The Council of Five Hundred. Examination of naval programme, and inspection of public buildings
47. The Council of Five Hundred. Co-operation with other magistrates: (a) The Treasurers. (b) The Poletae [Commissioners for Public Contracts]
48. ... (c) The Apodectae [Receivers-General]. (d) The Logistae [Auditors]. (e) The Euthuni [Examiners of Accounts]
49. ... (f) The Catalogeis [Commissioners of Enrolment]. Inspection of cavalry horses. (g) The Military Treasurer. (h) Examination of paupers
50. Commissioners for Repairs of Temples. Astynomi [City Commissioners]
51. Agoranomi [Market Commissioners]. Metronomi [Commissioners of Weights and Measures]. Sitophylaces [Corn Commissioners]. Superintendents of the Mart
52. The Eleven [Gaol Commissioners]. Eisagogeis [Introducers of Cases]
53. The Forty [Local Justices]. Arbitrators. Eponymi
54. Hodopoei [Commissioners of Roads]. Auditors. Clerks of the Assembly. Hieropoei [Commissioners of Public Worship]. Commissioners of Festivals. Magistrates for Salamis and Piraeus
55. The Archons: formalities of their election
56. ... (a) The Archon: appointment of Choregi; share in administration of festivals; suits which are heard before him
57. ... (b) The King: superintendence of the mysteries and Lenaea: trials for homicide
58. ... (c) The Polemarch: his religious functions and jurisdiction in actions respecting non-citizens
59. ... (d) The Thesmothetae: their legal functions
60. Athlothetae [Commissioners of Games]: the oil from the sacred olives
61. Military officials: (a) Strategi, {b) Taxiarchs, (c) Hipparchs, (d) Phylarchs
62. Modes of election. Pay for various offices
63. Procedure in the law-courts. The apparatus. Qualifications for service as jurors. Tickets
64. Procedure in the law-courts. Selection of jurors, and assignment to courts
65. Procedure in the law-courts. Precautions against packing of juries
66. Procedure in the law-courts. Allotment of presiding magistrates. Selection of controller of the clock and counters of votes
67. Procedure in the law-courts. Allotment of time to the litigants
68. Procedure in the law-courts. Size of juries. Form of ballot balls. Method of voting
69. Procedure in the law-courts. Counting of votes. Payment of jurors
Footnotes
