Оглавление
Avijit Gupta. Introducing Large Rivers
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Introducing Large Rivers
Preface
Note
1 Introduction. 1.1 Large Rivers
1.2 A Book on Large Rivers
References
2 Geological Framework of Large Rivers. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Geological Framework: Elevated Land and a Large Catchment
2.3 Smaller Tectonic Movements
2.4 The Subsurface Alluvial Fill of Large Rivers
2.5 Geological History of Large Rivers
2.6 Conclusion
Questions
References
3 Water and Sediment in Large Rivers. 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Discharge of large Rivers
3.3 Global Pattern of Precipitation
3.4 Large River Discharge: Annual Pattern and Long-Term Variability
3.5 Sediment in Large Rivers
3.6 Conclusion
Questions
References
4 Morphology of Large Rivers. 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Large Rivers from Source to Sink
Box 4.1 Rivers on Alluvial Fans
4.3 The Amazon River
4.3.1 The Setting
4.3.2 Hydrology
4.3.3 Sediment Load
4.3.4 Morphology
4.4 The Ganga River. 4.4.1 The Setting
4.4.2 Hydrology
4.4.3 Sediment Load
4.4.4 Morphology
4.5 Morphology of Large Rivers: Commonality and Variations
4.6 Conclusion
Questions
References
5 Large Rivers and their Floodplains: Structures, Functions, Evolutionary Traits and Management with Special Reference to the Brazilian Rivers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Origin and Age of Rivers and Floodplains
5.3 Scientific Concepts and their Implications for Rivers and Floodplains
5.4 Water Chemistry and Hydrology of Major Brazilian Rivers and their Floodplains
5.5 Ecological Characterisation of Floodplains and their Macrohabitats
5.6 Ecological Responses of Organisms to Flood-Pulsing Conditions
5.6.1 Trees
5.6.2 Herbaceous Plants
5.6.3 Invertebrates
5.6.4 Fish
5.6.5 Other Vertebrates
5.7 Biodiversity
5.7.1 Higher Vegetation
5.7.2 Animal Biodiversity
5.8 The Role of Rivers and their Floodplains for Speciation and Species Distribution of Trees
5.9 Biogeochemical Cycles in Floodplains
5.9.1 Biomass and Net Primary Production
5.9.1.1 Algae
5.9.1.2 Herbaceous Plants
5.9.1.3 Trees of the Flooded Forest
5.9.2 Decomposition
5.9.3 The Nitrogen Cycle
5.9.4 Nutrient Transfer Between the Terrestrial and Aquatic Phases
5.9.5 Food Webs
5.10 Management of Amazonian River Floodplains. 5.10.1 Amazonian River Floodplains
5.10.2 Savanna Floodplains
5.11 Policies in Brazilian Wetlands
5.12 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Notes
6 Large River Deltas. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Large River Deltas: The Distribution
6.3 Formation of Deltas
6.4 Delta Morphology and Sediment
6.5 The Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta: An Example of a Major Deltaic Accumulation
6.5.1 The Background
6.5.2 Morphology of the Delta
6.5.3 Late Glacial and Holocene Evolution of the Delta
6.6 Conclusion
Questions
References
7 Geological History of Large River Systems. 7.1 The Age of Large Rivers
7.2 Rivers in the Quaternary
7.2.1 The Time Period
7.2.2 The Nature of Geomorphic Changes
7.2.3 The Pleistocene and Large Rivers
7.2.3.1 The Glacial Stage
7.2.3.2 The Transition
7.2.3.3 The Interglacial Stage
7.3 Changes During the Holocene
7.4 Evolution and Development of the Mississippi River
7.5 The Ganga-Brahmaputra System
7.6 Evolution of the Current Amazon
7.7 Evolutionary Adjustment of Large Rivers
Questions
References
8 Anthropogenic Alterations of Large Rivers and Drainage Basins. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Early History of Anthropogenic Alterations
8.3 The Mississippi River: Modifications before Big Dams
8.4 The Arrival of Large Dams
Box 8.1 Aswan High Dam on the Nile River
8.5 Evaluating the Impact of Anthropogenic Changes
8.5.1 Land Use and Land Cover Changes
8.5.2 Channel Impoundments
8.6 Effect of Impoundments on Alluvial Rivers
8.7 Effect of Impoundments on Rivers in Rock
Box 8.2 The Three Gorges Dam on the Changjiang
8.8 Large-scale Transfer of River Water
8.9 Conclusion
Questions
References
9 Management of Large Rivers. 9.1 Introduction
Box 9.1 Sustainable Development
Box 9.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
9.2 Biophysical Management
9.3 Social and Political Management
9.3.1 Values and Objectives in River Management
9.3.2 International Basin Arrangements
9.4 The Importance of the Channel, Floodplain, and Drainage Basin
9.5 Integrated Water Resources Management
9.6 Techniques for Managing Large River Basins
9.7 Administering the Nile
Box 9.3 Problems and Management of the Mekong River Basin
9.8 Conclusion
Questions
References
10 The Mekong: A Case Study on Morphology and Management. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physical Characteristics of the Mekong Basin. 10.2.1 Geology and Landforms
10.2.2 Hydrology
10.2.3 Land Use
10.3 The Mekong: Source to Sea. 10.3.1 The Upper Mekong in China
10.3.2 The Lower Mekong South of China
10.4 Erosion, Sediment Storage and Sediment Transfer in the Mekong
10.5 Management of the Mekong and its Basin
10.5.1 Impoundments on the Mekong
10.5.2 Anthropogenic Modification of Erosion and Sedimentation on Slopes
10.5.3 Degradation of the Aquatic Life
10.6 Conclusion
Questions
References
11 Large Arctic Rivers
Introduction
11.1.1. The Five Largest Arctic River Basins
11.1.2. Climate Change in the Five Large Arctic Basins
11.1.3. River Basin Zones
Box 11.1 The Idealised Fluvial System Model (Schumm 1977)
11.2 Physiography and Quaternary Legacy. 11.2.1 Physiographic Regions
11.2.1.1 Active Mountain Belts and Major Mountain Belts with Accreted Terranes (Zone 1)
11.2.1.2 Interior Plains, Lowlands, and Plateaux (Zone 2)
11.2.1.3 Arctic Lowlands (Zone 3)
11.2.2 Ice Sheets and Their Influence on Drainage Rearrangement
11.2.3 Intense Mass Movement on Glacially Over-steepened Slopes
11.3 Hydroclimate and Biomes. 11.3.1 Climate Regions
11.3.2 Biomes
11.3.3 Wetlands
11.4 Permafrost
11.4.1 Permafrost Distribution
11.4.2 Permafrost and Surficial Materials
11.4.3 Contemporary Warming
11.5 Anthropogenic Effects. 11.5.1 Development and Population
11.5.2 Agriculture and Extractive Industry
11.5.3 Urbanisation: The Case of Siberia
11.6 Discharge of Large Arctic Rivers. 11.6.1 Problems in Discharge Measurement
11.6.2 Water Fluxes
11.6.3 Water Budget
11.6.4 Nival River Regime
11.6.5 Lakes and Glaciers
11.6.6 River Ice: Freeze and Break Up
11.6.7 Scale Effects
11.6.8 Effects of River Regulation
11.6.9 Historical Changes
11.7 Sediment Fluxes. 11.7.1 Complications in Determining Sediment Fluxes Both Within Arctic Basins and to the Arctic Ocean
11.7.2 Flux of Suspended Sediment and Dissolved Solids
11.7.3 Historical Changes in Water and Sediment Discharge in the Siberian Rivers
11.7.4 Suspended Sediment Sources and Sinks in the Mackenzie Basin
11.7.4.1 Sediment Yield in the Mackenzie Basin
11.7.4.2 West Bank Tributary Sources
11.7.4.3 Bed and Bank Sources
11.8 Nutrients and Contaminants
11.8.1 Supply of Nutrients
11.8.2 Transport of Contaminants
11.9 Mackenzie, Yukon and Lena Deltas. 11.9.1 Mackenzie Delta
11.9.2 Lena Delta
11.9.3 Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
11.10 Significance of Large Arctic Rivers
Acknowledgment
Questions
References
12 Climate Change and Large Rivers. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Global Warming: Basic Concept
12.3 A Summary of Future Changes in Climate
12.4 Impact of Climate Change on Large Rivers
12.5 Climate Change and a Typical Large River of the Future
12.6 Conclusion
Questions
References
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
