Steam, Its Generation and Use

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Babcock Wilcox Company. Steam, Its Generation and Use

Steam, Its Generation and Use

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FONDERIES ET ATELIERS DE LA COURNEUVE CHAUDIÈRES

6 RUE LAFERRIÈRE, PARIS. WORKS: SEINE—LA COURNEUVE

EDMOND DUPUIS J. H. R. KEMNAL ETIENNE BESSON IRÉNÉE CHAVANNE CHARLES A. KNIGHT JULES LEMAIRE

TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: "BABCOCK-PARIS"

THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE GENERATION AND USE OF STEAM

BRIEF HISTORY OF WATER-TUBE BOILERS[1]

REQUIREMENTS OF STEAM BOILERS

REQUIREMENTS OF A PERFECT STEAM BOILER

THE CIRCULATION OF WATER IN STEAM BOILERS

WATER-TUBE VERSUS FIRE-TUBE BOILERS

TABLE 1. PLATE THICKNESS REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS CYLINDER DIAMETERS. ALLOWABLE STRESS, 12000 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH, 200 POUNDS GAUGE PRESSURE, NO JOINTS

TABLE 2

HEAT AND ITS MEASUREMENT

TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF THERMOMETER SCALES

F = 9/5C+32° = 9/4R+32° C = 5/9(F-32°) = 5/4R. R = 4/9(F-32°) = ⅘C

TABLE 4

TABLE 5. BOILING POINTS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

TABLE 6. LINEAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURES

TABLE 7. ACCURACY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS[7]

TABLE 8. APPROXIMATE MELTING POINTS OF METALS[8]

TABLE 9. CHARACTER OF EMITTED LIGHT AND CORRESPONDING APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE[9]

THE THEORY OF STEAM MAKING

PROPERTIES OF WATER

TABLE 10. WEIGHT OF WATER AT TEMPERATURES USED IN PHYSICAL CALCULATIONS

TABLE 11. VOLUME AND WEIGHT OF DISTILLED WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES[12]

TABLE 12. BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES

TABLE 13. SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

BOILER FEED WATER

TABLE 14. APPROXIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF IMPURITIES FOUND IN FEED WATERS THEIR EFFECT AND ORDINARY METHODS OF RELIEF

TABLE 15. SOLUBILITY OF MINERAL SALTS IN WATER (SPARKS) IN GRAINS PER U. S. GALLON (58,381 GRAINS), EXCEPT AS NOTED

CALCIUM SULPHATE AT TEMPERATURE ABOVE 212 DEGREES (CHRISTIE)

TABLE 16. REAGENTS REQUIRED IN LIME AND SODA PROCESS FOR TREATING 1000 U. S. GALLONS OF WATER PER GRAIN PER GALLON OF CONTAINED IMPURITIES[16]

FEED WATER HEATING AND METHODS OF FEEDING

TABLE 17. SAVING IN FUEL, IN PER CENT, BY HEATING FEED WATER GAUGE PRESSURE 180 POUNDS

TABLE 18

STEAM

TABLE 19. FACTORS OF EVAPORATION CALCULATED FROM MARKS AND DAVIS TABLES

TABLE 20

TABLE 21

TABLE 22

TABLE 23. PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM

TABLE 24. PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM

MOISTURE IN STEAM

SUPERHEATED STEAM

TABLE 25

TABLE 26

PROPERTIES OF AIR

TABLE 27. VOLUME AND WEIGHT OF AIR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES _______________________________________ | | | | | | Volume | | | Temperature | One Pound | Weight One | | Degrees | in | Cubic Foot | | Fahrenheit | Cubic Feet | in Pounds | |_____________|____________|____________| | | | | | 32 | 12.390 | .080710 | | 50 | 12.843 | .077863 | | 55 | 12.969 | .077107 | | 60 | 13.095 | .076365 | | 65 | 13.221 | .075637 | | 70 | 13.347 | .074923 | | 75 | 13.473 | .074223 | | 80 | 13.599 | .073535 | | 85 | 13.725 | .072860 | | 90 | 13.851 | .072197 | | 95 | 13.977 | .071546 | | 100 | 14.103 | .070907 | | 110 | 14.355 | .069662 | | 120 | 14.607 | .068460 | | 130 | 14.859 | .067299 | | 140 | 15.111 | .066177 | | 150 | 15.363 | .065092 | | 160 | 15.615 | .064041 | | 170 | 15.867 | .063024 | | 180 | 16.119 | .062039 | | 190 | 16.371 | .061084 | | 200 | 16.623 | .060158 | | 210 | 16.875 | .059259 | | 212 | 16.925 | .059084 | | 220 | 17.127 | .058388 | | 230 | 17.379 | .057541 | | 240 | 17.631 | .056718 | | 250 | 17.883 | .055919 | | 260 | 18.135 | .055142 | | 270 | 18.387 | .054386 | | 280 | 18.639 | .053651 | | 290 | 18.891 | .052935 | | 300 | 19.143 | .052238 | | 320 | 19.647 | .050898 | | 340 | 20.151 | .049625 | | 360 | 20.655 | .048414 | | 380 | 21.159 | .047261 | | 400 | 21.663 | .046162 | | 425 | 22.293 | .044857 | | 450 | 22.923 | .043624 | | 475 | 23.554 | .042456 | | 500 | 24.184 | .041350 | | 525 | 24.814 | .040300 | | 550 | 25.444 | .039302 | | 575 | 26.074 | .038352 | | 600 | 26.704 | .037448 | | 650 | 27.964 | .035760 | | 700 | 29.224 | .034219 | | 750 | 30.484 | .032804 | | 800 | 31.744 | .031502 | | 850 | 33.004 | .030299 | |_____________|____________|____________|

P = 144 (14.7 + 60.3) = 10,800

TABLE 28

TABLE 29. WEIGHTS OF AIR, VAPOR OF WATER, AND SATURATED MIXTURES OF AIR AND VAPOR AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES, UNDER THE ORDINARY ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OF 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURY

COMBUSTION

TABLE 30. KINDLING TEMPERATURE OF VARIOUS FUELS

TABLE 31. OXYGEN AND AIR REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION. AT 32 DEGREES AND 29.92 INCHES

BY VOLUME

TABLE 32. CALCULATED THEORETICAL AMOUNT OF AIR REQUIRED PER POUND OF VARIOUS FUELS

ANALYSIS OF FLUE GASES

N 3.036 (—————) × C[30] (12) CO_{2} + CO

( CO ) L' = 10,150 × (—————) (17) (CO + CO_{2})

TABLE 33. CONVERSION OF A FLUE GAS ANALYSIS BY VOLUME TO ONE BY WEIGHT

TABLE 34. DENSITY OF GASES AT 32 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ADAPTED FROM SMITHSONIAN TABLES

CLASSIFICATION OF FUELS

(WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COAL)

TABLE 35. APPROXIMATE CHEMICAL CHANGES FROM WOOD FIBER TO ANTHRACITE COAL

TABLE 36. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF GENERAL GRADES OF COAL ON BASIS OF COMBUSTIBLE

THE DETERMINATION OF HEATING VALUES OF FUELS

TABLE 37. WEIGHT AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF VARIOUS GASES AT 32 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITH THEORETICAL AMOUNT OF AIR REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION

TABLE 38. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF CERTAIN TYPICAL AMERICAN COALS

TABLE 39. SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE ANALYSES OF COAL

N = 6, R = 0, R' = .01, T = 20.29, T' = 22.83,

COMBUSTION OF COAL

TABLE 40. ANTHRACITE COAL SIZES

SOLID FUELS OTHER THAN COAL AND THEIR COMBUSTION

TABLE 41. ULTIMATE ANALYSES AND CALORIFIC VALUES OF DRY WOOD (GOTTLIEB)

TABLE 42

TABLE 43

TABLE 44. VALUE OF ONE POUND OF MILL BAGASSE AT DIFFERENT EXTRACTIONS

TABLE 45

LIQUID FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION

TABLE 46. COMPOSITION AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF VARIOUS OILS

TABLE 47. RELATIVE VALUE OF COAL AND OIL FUEL

TABLE 48. TESTS OF BABCOCK AND WILCOX BOILERS WITH OIL FUEL

GASEOUS FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION

TABLE 49. TYPICAL ANALYSES OF BLAST FURNACE GAS

TABLE 50. TYPICAL ANALYSES (BY VOLUME) AND CALORIFIC VALUES OF NATURAL GAS FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES

TABLE 51. TYPICAL ANALYSES OF BY-PRODUCT COKE OVEN GAS

UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT

TABLE 52. TEMPERATURE OF WASTE GASES FROM VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

CHIMNEYS AND DRAFT

D = KH. (25)

TABLE 53. AVAILABLE DRAFT. CALCULATED FOR 100-FOOT STACK OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS ASSUMING STACK TEMPERATURE OF 500 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT AND 100 POUNDS OF GAS PER HORSE POWER. FOR OTHER HEIGHTS OF STACK MULTIPLY DRAFT BY HEIGHT ÷ 100

FOR OTHER STACK TEMPERATURES ADD OR DEDUCT BEFORE MULTIPLYING BY HEIGHT ÷ 100 AS FOLLOWS[52]

TABLE 54. STACK CAPACITIES, CORRECTION FACTORS FOR ALTITUDES

TABLE 55. STACK SIZES BY KENT'S FORMULA. ASSUMING 5 POUNDS OF COAL PER HORSE POWER

TABLE 56. STACK SIZES FOR OIL FUEL. ADAPTED FROM C. R. WEYMOUTH'S TABLE (TRANS. A. S. M. E. VOL. 34)

EFFICIENCY AND CAPACITY OF BOILERS

TABLE 57. DATA FROM WHICH HEAT BALANCE (TABLE 58) IS COMPUTED

(11CO_{2}+8O+7(CO+N)) (—————————)C ( 3(CO_{2}+CO) )

TABLE 58. HEAT BALANCE. B. T. U. PER POUND DRY COAL 14,225

1. OBJECT

2. PREPARATIONS

3. FUEL

4. APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS[63]

5. OPERATING CONDITIONS

6. DURATION

7. STARTING AND STOPPING

8. RECORDS

9. QUALITY OF STEAM[67]

10. SAMPLING AND DRYING COAL

11. ASHES AND REFUSE

12. CALORIFIC TESTS AND ANALYSES OF COAL

13. ANALYSES OF FLUE GASES

14. SMOKE OBSERVATIONS[71]

15. CALCULATION OF RESULTS

16. DATA AND RESULTS

17. CHART

18. TESTS WITH OIL AND GAS FUELS

TABLE DATA AND RESULTS OF EVAPORATIVE TEST SHORT FORM, CODE OF 1912

AVERAGE PRESSURES, TEMPERATURES, ETC

TOTAL QUANTITIES

HOURLY QUANTITIES AND RATES

CAPACITY

ECONOMY RESULTS

EFFICIENCY

COST OF EVAPORATION

THE SELECTION OF BOILERS WITH A CONSIDERATION OF THE FACTORS DETERMINING SUCH SELECTION

TABLE 59

TABLE 60. ACTUAL EVAPORATION FOR DIFFERENT PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES OF FEED WATER CORRESPONDING TO ONE HORSE POWER (34½ POUNDS PER HOUR FROM AND AT 212 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT)

OPERATION AND CARE OF BOILERS

BRICKWORK BOILER SETTINGS

TABLE 61. APPROXIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE BRICK

BOILER ROOM PIPING

TABLE 62. DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD AND EXTRA STRONG[76] WROUGHT-IRON AND STEEL PIPE

TABLE 63. TUBE DATA, STANDARD OPEN HEARTH OR LAP WELDED STEEL TUBES

TABLE 64. RADIATION FROM COVERED AND UNCOVERED STEAM PIPES. CALCULATED FOR 160 POUNDS PRESSURE AND 60 DEGREES TEMPERATURE

TABLE 65

FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPES AND ORIFICES

TABLE 66

TABLE 67. FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPES LENGTH OF PIPE 1000 FEET

TABLE 68

HEAT TRANSFER

W R = 2.00 + .0014 - A

INDEX

PAGE

FOOTNOTES

Отрывок из книги

Babcock & Wilcox Company

Published by Good Press, 2019

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Boston, Mass. 9600 Horse Power of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers and

Superheaters Installed in this Station]

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