Оглавление
Barbara Weltman. J.K. Lasser's Small Business Taxes 2018
Preface
Introduction
PART 1. Organization
CHAPTER 1. Business Organization
Sole Proprietorships
Partnerships and Limited Liability Companies
S Corporations and Their Shareholder-Employees
C Corporations and Their Shareholder-Employees
Employees
Factors in Choosing Your Form of Business Organization
Forms of Business Organization Compared
Changing Your Form of Business
Tax Identification Number
CHAPTER 2. Tax Year and Accounting Methods
Accounting Periods
Accounting Methods
Uniform Capitalization Rules
CHAPTER 3. Recordkeeping for Business Income and Deductions
General Recordkeeping
Specific Substantiation Requirements for Certain Expenses
Records for Depreciation, Basis, Carryovers, and Prepaid Expenses
How Long You Should Maintain Records
PART 2. Business Income and Losses
CHAPTER 4. Income or Loss from Business Operations
Business Income
Income for Service Businesses
Income from the Sale of Goods
Income from Farming
Income from Commercial Fishing
Investment-Type Income
Miscellaneous Business Income
State Income Taxes on Business Income
Net Operating Losses
Limitations on Business Losses
Income Earned Abroad
CHAPTER 5. Capital Gains and Losses
What Are Capital Gains and Losses?
Tax Treatment of Capital Gains and Losses for Pass-Through Entities
Tax Treatment of Capital Gains for C Corporations
Loss Limitations
Sales of Business Interests
Special Situations
CHAPTER 6. Gains and Losses from Sales of Business Property
Section 1231 Gains and Losses
Sale-Leasebacks
Installment Sales
Recapture
Involuntary Conversions
Abandonment, Foreclosure, and Repossession of Property
Sale of All the Assets of the Business
PART 3. Business Deductions and Credits
CHAPTER 7. Employee Compensation: Salary, Wages, and Employee Benefits
Worker Classification
Temporary Workers and Outsourced HR
Deductible Employee Compensation
Compensation to Owners
Stock Options and Restricted Stock
Deferred Compensation
Disallowance Repayment Agreements
Employee Benefits
Golden Parachute Payments
Cafeteria Plans
Employment Tax Credits
CHAPTER 8. Travel and Entertainment Expenses
Local Transportation Costs
Travel within the United States
Foreign Travel
Conventions
Living Away from Home on Temporary Assignments
Meal and Entertainment Expenses
Business Gifts
Reimbursement Arrangements
Recordkeeping Requirements
CHAPTER 9. Car and Truck Expenses
Deducting Car and Truck Expenses in General
Actual Expense Method
Standard Mileage Allowance
Leasing a Car for Business
Arranging Vehicle Ownership
Employee Use of an Employer-Provided Car
Vehicle Trade-In
Trucks and Vans
Credit for Plug-In Electric Vehicles
Reimbursement Arrangements
Recordkeeping for Vehicle Expenses
CHAPTER 10. Repairs, Maintenance, and Energy Improvements
Ordinary Repairs
Rehabilitation Plans
Small Business Safe Harbors
Rotable Spare Parts
Change in Accounting Method
Special Rules for Improvements for the Elderly and Handicapped
Lists of Deductible Repairs and Capital Improvements
Energy Improvements
CHAPTER 11. Bad Debts
Bad Debts in General
Collection of Bad Debts
Business versus Nonbusiness Bad Debts
Loans by Shareholder-Employees
Guarantees That Result in Bad Debts
Special Rules for Accrual Taxpayers
Reporting Bad Debts on the Tax Return
Collection Strategies
CHAPTER 12. Rents
Deducting Rent Payments in General
The Cost of Acquiring, Modifying, or Canceling a Lease
Improvements You Make to Leased Property
Rental of a Portion of Your Home for Business
Leasing a Car
Leveraged Leases
CHAPTER 13. Taxes and Interest
Deductible Taxes
Nondeductible Taxes
Deductible Interest
Nondeductible Interest and Other Limitations on Deductibility
CHAPTER 14. First-Year Expensing, Depreciation, Amortization, and Depletion
First-Year Expensing
Other Expensing Opportunities
General Rules for Depreciation
Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Depreciation Methods
Bonus Depreciation
Limitations on Listed Property
De Minimis Safe Harbor Rule
Putting Personal Property to Business Use
Amortization
Depletion
CHAPTER 15. Advertising Expenses
Ordinary Advertising Expenses
Promotion of Goodwill
Prizes, Contests, and Other Promotional Activities
Help-Wanted Ads
Websites and Apps
Social Media
CHAPTER 16. Retirement Plans
Qualified Retirement Plans
Added Costs for Retirement Plans
Retirement Plans for Self-Employed Individuals
Regular 401(k)s and Designated Roth Accounts
Individual Retirement Accounts
MyRAs
State-Sponsored Plans for the Private Sector
When to Take Action
Actions to Avoid
Comparison of Qualified Retirement Plans
ESOPs
Correcting Plan Defects
Retirement Plans Owning Your Business
Nonqualified Retirement Plans
Glossary of Terms for Retirement Plans
CHAPTER 17. Casualty and Theft Losses
Casualties and Thefts
Condemnations and Threats of Condemnation
Disaster Losses
Deducting Property Insurance and Other Casualty/Theft-Related Items
Certain Disaster Victims
Disaster Assistance
CHAPTER 18. Home Office Deductions
Home Office Deductions in General
Special Requirements for Employees
Actual Expense or Simplified Method
Actual Expense Method
Simplified Method
Special Business Uses of a Home
Mobile Offices
Ancillary Benefits of Claiming Home Office Deductions
Impact of Home Office Deductions on Home Sales
CHAPTER 19. Medical Coverage
Health Care Mandates
Deducting Medical Insurance for Employees
Deducting Health Coverage by Self-Employed Persons and More-Than-2% S Corporation Shareholders
Using Reimbursement Plans
Tax Credit for Contributions to Employee Health Coverage
Shifting the Cost of Coverage to Employees
Setting Up Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)
Archer Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs)
COBRA Coverage
Wellness Programs
Reporting Health Coverage on W-2s
Reporting Health Coverage on Forms 1095
CHAPTER 20. Deductions and Tax Credits for Farmers
Farm Expenses
Timber Gains
Farm Losses
Farm-Related Tax Credits
Nondeductible Farm-Related Expenses
CHAPTER 21. Domestic Production Activities Deduction
Background
Qualified Producers
Figuring the Deduction
CHAPTER 22. Miscellaneous Business Deductions
Other Business Expenses in General
Job-Seeking Expenses
Moving Expenses
Educational Expenses
Charitable Contributions Made by Your Business
Licenses and Permits
Dues and Subscriptions
Legal and Professional Fees
Bank and Merchant Fees
Supplies, Materials, and Office Expenses
Uniforms and Clothing
Insurance
Commissions
Outsourced Workers
Payments to Directors and Independent Contractors
Penalties, Fines, and Damages
Meal Costs for Day-Care Providers
Expenses of Disabled Persons
The Dividends-Received Deduction
Foreign Housing Deduction
Other Expenses
CHAPTER 23. Roundup of Tax Credits
Employment-Related Credits
Capital Construction–Related Credits
Other Tax Credits
General Business Credit
PART 4. Tax Planning for Your Small Business
CHAPTER 24. Income and Deduction Strategies
Tax-Saving Tips
Audit-Proofing Your Return
Common Errors and How to Avoid Them
Tax Assistance
CHAPTER 25. Tax Strategies for Opening or Closing a Business
Initial Tax Decisions to Make
Investing Your Own Resources
Debt versus Equity Financing
Tax Identification Numbers
Tax Reporting for the First Year
How to Write Off Start-Up Costs
Setting Up a Business Bank Account and Credit Card
Moving a Business
Aborted Business Ventures
Bankruptcy
Expenses of Winding Up a Small Business
Tax Reporting in the Final Year
CHAPTER 26. Tax Strategies for a Sideline Business
Reporting Sideline Business Income
Hobby Losses
Business Expenses
CHAPTER 27. Tax Strategies for Multiple Businesses
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Entities
When to Run Multiple Activities within One Business
Treatment of Multiple Corporations
Tax Rules for Owners of Multiple Businesses
CHAPTER 28. Alternative Minimum Tax
Alternative Minimum Tax Basics
Deduction Limits for Alternative Minimum Tax
Credit Offsets
Minimum Tax Credit
CHAPTER 29. Other Taxes
State Income Taxes
Employment Taxes
Self-Employment Tax
Sales and Use Taxes
Excise Taxes
CHAPTER 30. Filing Tax Returns and Paying Taxes
Income Tax Deadlines and Extensions
Online Filing of Business Income Tax Returns
Estimated Taxes
Making Tax Payments
Filing Other Business Returns
Using Tax Professionals
Chapter 31. Retirement and Succession Planning
Retirement Planning
Exit Strategies
Financing Options to Fund Buyouts
Consulting Agreements
Estate Taxes
Estate Planning Concerns
CHAPTER 32. Working with CPAs and Other Tax Professionals
Types of Tax Professionals
Finding a Tax Professional
Tips for Selecting a Tax Professional
CHAPTER 33. Handling Audits with the IRS
Types of Audits
Appeals
Litigation
Mediation
Taxpayer Bill of Rights
Taxpayer Advocate Service
APPENDIX A
Information Returns
Dividends
Large Cash Transactions
Payments to Independent Contractors
Pension and Retirement Plan Distributions
Retirement and Employee Benefit Plans
Small Cash Transactions
Wages
Health Coverage
Merchant Transactions
Foreign Accounts
APPENDIX B
Tax Penalties
Failure to File a Tax Return or Pay Tax
Failure to File Correct Information Returns
Failure to File Correct Payee Statements
Accuracy-Related Penalties
Preparer Penalties
Penalty Relief
APPENDIX C
Checklist of Tax-Related Corporate Resolutions
APPENDIX D
List of Dollar Limits and Amounts Adjusted for Inflation
Items Adjusted Annually for Inflation
Items Fixed by the Tax Code
Items Set by the IRS
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