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Benjamin Ide Wheeler. Introduction to the study of the history of language
Introduction to the study of the history of language
Table of Contents
PREFACE
CHAPTER I. ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE
CHAPTER II. ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LANGUAGE
CHAPTER III. ON SOUND-CHANGE
CHAPTER IV. CHANGE IN WORD-SIGNIFICATION
CHAPTER V. ANALOGY
CHAPTER VI. THE FUNDAMENTAL FACTS OF SYNTAX
CHAPTER VII. CHANGE OF MEANING IN SYNTAX
CHAPTER VIII. CONTAMINATION
NOTE TO PAGE 148
CHAPTER IX. ORIGINAL CREATION
CHAPTER X. ON ISOLATION AND THE REACTION AGAINST IT
CHAPTER XI. THE FORMATION OF NEW GROUPS
CHAPTER XII. ON THE INFLUENCE OF CHANGE IN FUNCTION ON ANALOGICAL FORMATION
Singular
Plural
CHAPTER XIII. DISPLACEMENT IN ETYMOLOGICAL GROUPING
CHAPTER XIV. ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MEANING
CHAPTER XV. CATEGORIES: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND GRAMMATICAL
Gender
Number
Tense
Voice
CHAPTER XVI. DISPLACEMENT OF THE SYNTACTICAL DISTRIBUTION
CHAPTER XVII. ON CONCORD
CHAPTER XVIII. ECONOMY OF EXPRESSION
CHAPTER XIX. RISE OF WORD-FORMATION AND INFLECTION
CHAPTER XX. THE DIVISION OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH
CHAPTER XXI. LANGUAGE AND WRITING
CHAPTER XXII. ON MIXTURE IN LANGUAGE
CHAPTER XXIII. THE STANDARD LANGUAGE
INDEX. The numbers refer to the pages
A Catalogue of Works. IN. GENERAL LITERATURE. PUBLISHED BY. MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. Issue the undermentioned Lists of their Publications, which may be had post free on application:— 1. Monthly List of New Works and New Editions. 2. Quarterly List of Announcements and New Works. 3. Notes on Books; being an Analysis of the Works published during each Quarter. 4. Catalogue of Scientific Works. 5. Catalogue of Medical and Surgical Works. 6. Catalogue of School Books and Educational Works. 7. Catalogue of Books for Elementary Schools and Pupil Teachers. 8. Catalogue of Theological Works by Divines and Members of the Church of England. 9. Catalogue of Works in General Literature
Footnote
Отрывок из книги
Willem Sijbrand Logeman, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Herbert A. Strong
Published by Good Press, 2022
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Yet if our comparison be sufficiently correct in two such important points, we must not forget that in one point at least there is an essential difference between the origin of species in the animal world and the differentiation of languages.
We saw that with descent in the animal world we must compare linguistic descent, which latter term implies that a child’s language is acquired by imitation from the speakers surrounding him. The language of the community in which the child grows up is the parent of his speech. Now, it is evident that in the animal world the influence of descent, powerful factor though it be, is still limited, inasmuch as the direct effect of the parent’s influence ceases at a fixed point. In language, on the other hand, the influence of the linguistic parent is permanently at work: strongest during infancy, it diminishes in force indeed, but never entirely ceases to make itself felt. Again, the animal owes its birth to a single pair only, while in language an indefinite number of speakers co-operate to produce the new individual. Moreover, as soon as a child acquires any speech at all, it becomes in its turn a member of the community and affects the language of others. Its speech is consciously or unconsciously imitated by those from whom it learned and is still learning; and thus, in language, parents may be said to become the children of their own offspring.
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