Thirty Years' View (Vol. I of 2)

Thirty Years' View (Vol. I of 2)
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Benton Thomas Hart. Thirty Years' View (Vol. I of 2)

AUTO-BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

PREFACE

1. – MOTIVES FOR WRITING THIS WORK

2. – QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE WORK

3. – THE SCOPE OF THE WORK

4. – THE SPIRIT OF THE WORK

PRELIMINARY VIEW. FROM 1815 TO 1820

CHAPTER I. PERSONAL ASPECT OF THE GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER II. ADMISSION OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI

CHAPTER III. FINANCES. – REDUCTION OF THE ARMY

CHAPTER IV. RELIEF OF PUBLIC LAND DEBTORS

CHAPTER V. OREGON TERRITORY

CHAPTER VI. FLORIDA TREATY AND CESSION OF TEXAS

CHAPTER VII. DEATH OF MR. LOWNDES

CHAPTER VIII. DEATH OF WILLIAM PINKNEY

CHAPTER IX. ABOLITION OF THE INDIAN FACTORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER X. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT

CHAPTER XI. GENERAL REMOVAL OF INDIANS

CHAPTER XII. VISIT OF LAFAYETTE TO THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER XIII. THE TARIFF, AND AMERICAN SYSTEM

CHAPTER XIV. THE A. B. PLOT

CHAPTER XV. AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION IN RELATION TO THE ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

CHAPTER XVI. INTERNAL TRADE WITH NEW MEXICO

CHAPTER XVII. PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE-PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN THE ELECTORAL COLLEGES

CHAPTER XVIII. DEATH OF JOHN TAYLOR, OF CAROLINE

CHAPTER XIX. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

CHAPTER XX. THE OCCUPATION OF THE COLUMBIA

CHAPTER XXI. COMMENCEMENT OF MR. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION

CHAPTER XXII. CASE OF MR. LANMAN – TEMPORARY SENATORIAL APPOINTMENT FROM CONNECTICUT

CHAPTER XXIII. RETIRING OF MR. RUFUS KING

CHAPTER XXIV. REMOVAL OF THE CREEK INDIANS FROM GEORGIA

CHAPTER XXV. THE PANAMA MISSION

CHAPTER XXVI. DUEL BETWEEN MR. CLAY AND MR. RANDOLPH

CHAPTER XXVII. DEATH OF MR. GAILLARD

CHAPTER XXVIII. AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION IN RELATION TO THE ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

CHAPTER XXIX. REDUCTION OF EXECUTIVE PATRONAGE

CHAPTER XXX. EXCLUSION OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS FROM CIVIL OFFICE APPOINTMENTS

CHAPTER XXXI. DEATH OF THE EX-PRESIDENTS JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON

CHAPTER XXXII. BRITISH INDEMNITY FOR DEPORTED SLAVES

CHAPTER XXXIII. MEETING OF THE FIRST CONGRESS ELECTED UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF MR. ADAMS

CHAPTER XXXIV. REVISION OF THE TARIFF

CHAPTER XXXV. THE PUBLIC LANDS – THEIR PROPER DISPOSITION – GRADUATED PRICES – PRE-EMPTION RIGHTS – DONATIONS TO SETTLERS

CHAPTER XXXVI. CESSION OF A PART OF THE TERRITORY OF ARKANSAS TO THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

CHAPTER XXXVII. RENEWAL OF THE OREGON JOINT OCCUPATION CONVENTION

CHAPTER XXXVIII. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1828, AND FURTHER ERRORS OF MONS. DE TOCQUEVILLE

CHAPTER XXXIX. RETIRING OF MR. MACON

CHAPTER XL. COMMENCEMENT OF GENERAL JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION

CHAPTER XLI. THE FIRST ANNUAL MESSAGE OF GENERAL JACKSON TO THE TWO HOUSES OF CONGRESS

CHAPTER XLII. THE RECOVERY OF THE DIRECT TRADE WITH THE BRITISH WEST INDIA ISLANDS

CHAPTER XLIII. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GLOBE NEWSPAPER

CHAPTER XLIV. LIMITATION OF PUBLIC LAND SALES. SUSPENSION OF SURVEYS. ABOLITION OF THE OFFICE OF SURVEYOR GENERAL. ORIGIN OF THE UNITED STATES LAND SYSTEM. AUTHORSHIP OF THE ANTI-SLAVERY ORDINANCE OF 1778. SLAVERY CONTROVERSY. PROTECTIVE TARIFF. INCEPTION OF THE DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION

CHAPTER XLV. REPEAL OF THE SALT TAX

CHAPTER XLVI. BIRTHDAY OF MR. JEFFERSON, AND THE DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION

CHAPTER XLVII. REGULATION OF COMMERCE

CHAPTER XLVIII. ALUM SALT. THE ABOLITION OF THE DUTY UPON IT, AND REPEAL OF THE FISHING BOUNTY AND ALLOWANCES FOUNDED ON IT

CHAPTER XLIX. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER L. REMOVALS FROM OFFICE

CHAPTER LI. INDIAN SOVEREIGNTIES WITHIN THE STATES

CHAPTER LII. VETO ON THE MAYSVILLE ROAD BILL

CHAPTER LIII. RUPTURE BETWEEN PRESIDENT JACKSON, AND VICE-PRESIDENT CALHOUN

CHAPTER LIV. BREAKING UP OF THE CABINET, AND APPOINTMENT OF ANOTHER

CHAPTER LV. MILITARY ACADEMY

CHAPTER LVI. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. – NON-RENEWAL OF CHARTER

CHAPTER LVII. ERROR OF DE TOCQUEVILLE, IN RELATION TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

CHAPTER LVIII. THE TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESS

CHAPTER LIX. REJECTION OF MR. VAN BUREN, MINISTER TO ENGLAND

CHAPTER LX. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES – ILLEGAL AND VICIOUS CURRENCY

CHAPTER LXI. ERROR OF MONS. DE TOCQUEVILLE IN RELATION TO THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PRESIDENT, AND THE PEOPLE

CHAPTER LXII. EXPENSES OF THE GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER LXIII. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES – RECHARTER COMMENCEMENT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

CHAPTER LXIV. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES – COMMITTEE OF INVESTIGATION ORDERED

CHAPTER LXV. THE THREE PER CENT. DEBT, AND LOSS IN NOT PAYING IT WHEN THE RATE WAS LOW, AND THE MONEY IN THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES WITHOUT INTEREST

CHAPTER LXVI. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES – BILL FOR THE RECHARTER REPORTED IN THE SENATE – AND PASSED THAT BODY

CHAPTER LXVII. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES – BILL FOR THE RENEWED CHARTER PASSED IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

CHAPTER LXVIII. THE VETO

CHAPTER LXIX. THE PROTECTIVE SYSTEM

CHAPTER LXX. PUBLIC LANDS. – DISTRIBUTION TO THE STATES

CHAPTER LXXI. SETTLEMENT OF FRENCH AND SPANISH LAND CLAIMS

CHAPTER LXXII "EFFECTS OF THE VETO."

CHAPTER LXXIII. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1832

CHAPTER LXXIV. FIRST ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT JACKSON AFTER HIS SECOND ELECTION

CHAPTER LXXV. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES – DELAY IN PAYING THE THREE PER CENTS – COMMITTEE OF INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER LXXVI. ABOLITION OF IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT

CHAPTER LXXVII. SALE OF UNITED STATES STOCK IN THE NATIONAL BANK

CHAPTER LXXVIII. NULLIFICATION ORDINANCE IN SOUTH CAROLINA

CHAPTER LXXIX. PROCLAMATION AGAINST NULLIFICATION

CHAPTER LXXX. MESSAGE ON THE SOUTH CAROLINA PROCEEDINGS

CHAPTER LXXXI. REDUCTION OF DUTIES. – MR. VERPLANK'S BILL

CHAPTER LXXXII. REDUCTION OF DUTIES. – MR. CLAY'S BILL

CHAPTER LXXXIII. REVENUE COLLECTION, OR FORCE BILL

CHAPTER LXXXIV. MR. CALHOUN'S NULLIFICATION RESOLUTIONS

CHAPTER LXXXV. SECRET HISTORY OF THE "COMPROMISE" OF 1833

CHAPTER LXXXVI. COMPROMISE LEGISLATION; AND THE ACT, SO CALLED, OF 1833

CHAPTER LXXXVII. VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS OF '98-'99 – DISABUSED OF THEIR SOUTH CAROLINA INTERPRETATION – 1. UPON THEIR OWN WORDS – 2. UPON CONTEMPORANEOUS INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER LXXXVIII. VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS OF 1798: – DISABUSED OF NULLIFICATION, BY THEIR AUTHOR

CHAPTER LXXXIX. THE AUTHOR'S OWN VIEW OF THE NATURE OF OUR GOVERNMENT, AS BEING A UNION IN CONTRADISTINCTION TO A LEAGUE: PRESENTED IN A SUBSEQUENT SPEECH ON MISSOURI RESOLUTIONS

CHAPTER XC. PUBLIC LANDS: – DISTRIBUTION OF PROCEEDS

CHAPTER XCI. COMMENCEMENT OF THE TWENTY-THIRD CONGRESS. – THE MEMBERS, AND PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

CHAPTER XCII. REMOVAL OF THE DEPOSITS FROM THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER XCIII. BANK PROCEEDINGS, ON SEEING THE DECISION OF THE PRESIDENT, IN RELATION TO THE REMOVAL OF THE DEPOSITS

CHAPTER XCIV. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY TO CONGRESS ON THE REMOVAL OF THE DEPOSITS

CHAPTER XCV. NOMINATION OF GOVERNMENT DIRECTORS, AND THEIR REJECTION

CHAPTER XCVI. SECRETARY'S REPORT ON THE REMOVAL OF THE DEPOSITS

CHAPTER XCVII. CALL ON THE PRESIDENT FOR A COPY OF THE "PAPER READ TO THE CABINET."

CHAPTER XCVIII. MISTAKES OF PUBLIC MEN: – GREAT COMBINATION AGAINST GENERAL JACKSON: – COMMENCEMENT OF THE PANIC

CHAPTER XCIX. MR. CLAY'S SPEECH AGAINST PRESIDENT JACKSON ON THE REMOVAL OF THE DEPOSITS – EXTRACTS

CHAPTER C. MR. BENTON'S SPEECH IN REPLY TO MR. CLAY – EXTRACTS

CHAPTER CI. CONDEMNATION OF PRESIDENT JACKSON – MR. CALHOUN'S SPEECH – EXTRACTS

CHAPTER CII. PUBLIC DISTRESS

CHAPTER CIII. SENATORIAL CONDEMNATION OF PRESIDENT JACKSON: HIS PROTEST: NOTICE OF THE EXPUNGING RESOLUTION

CHAPTER CIV. MR. WEBSTER'S PLAN OF RELIEF

CHAPTER CV. REVIVAL OF THE GOLD CURRENCY – MR. BENTON'S SPEECH

CHAPTER CVI. ATTEMPTED INVESTIGATION OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER CVII. MR. TANEY'S REPORT ON THE FINANCES – EXPOSURE OF THE DISTRESS ALARMS – END OF THE PANIC

CHAPTER CVIII. REVIVAL OF THE GOLD CURRENCY

CHAPTER CIX. REJECTION OF MR. TANEY, NOMINATED FOR SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY

CHAPTER CX. SENATORIAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER CXI. DOWNFALL OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER CXII. DEATH OF JOHN RANDOLPH, OF ROANOAKE

CHAPTER CXIII. DEATH OF MR. WIRT

CHAPTER CXIV. DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

CHAPTER CXV. COMMENCEMENT OF THE SESSION 1834-'35: PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

CHAPTER CXVI. REPORT OF THE BANK COMMITTEE

CHAPTER CXVII. FRENCH SPOLIATIONS BEFORE 1800

CHAPTER CXVIII. FRENCH SPOLIATIONS: SPEECH OF MR. WRIGHT, OF NEW-YORK

CHAPTER CXIX. FRENCH SPOLIATIONS – MR. WEBSTER'S SPEECH

CHAPTER CXX. FRENCH SPOLIATIONS – MR. BENTON'S SPEECH

CHAPTER CXXI. ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JACKSON

CHAPTER CXXII. ALABAMA EXPUNGING RESOLUTIONS

CHAPTER CXXIII. THE EXPUNGING RESOLUTION

CHAPTER CXXIV. EXPUNGING RESOLUTION: REJECTED, AND RENEWED

CHAPTER CXXV. BRANCH MINTS AT NEW ORLEANS, AND IN THE GOLD REGIONS OF GEORGIA AND NORTH CAROLINA

CHAPTER CXXVI. REGULATION DEPOSIT BILL

CHAPTER CXXVII. DEFEAT OF THE DEFENCE APPROPRIATION, AND LOSS OF THE FORTIFICATION BILL

CHAPTER CXXVIII. DISTRIBUTION OF REVENUE

CHAPTER CXXIX. COMMENCEMENT OF TWENTY-FOURTH CONGRESS – PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

CHAPTER CXXX. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CHAPTER CXXXI. MAIL CIRCULATION OF INCENDIARY PUBLICATIONS

CHAPTER CXXXII. FRENCH AFFAIRS – APPROACH OF A FRENCH SQUADRON – APOLOGY REQUIRED

CHAPTER CXXXIII. FRENCH INDEMNITIES: BRITISH MEDIATION: INDEMNITIES PAID

CHAPTER CXXXIV. PRESIDENT JACKSON'S FOREIGN DIPLOMACY

CHAPTER CXXXV. SLAVERY AGITATION

CHAPTER CXXXVI. REMOVAL OF THE CHEROKEES FROM GEORGIA

CHAPTER CXXXVII. EXTENSION OF THE MISSOURI BOUNDARY

CHAPTER CXXXVIII. ADMISSION OF THE STATES OF ARKANSAS AND MICHIGAN INTO THE UNION

CHAPTER CXXXIX. ATTEMPTED INQUIRY INTO THE MILITARY ACADEMY

CHAPTER CXL. MILITARY ACADEMY – SPEECH OF MR. PIERCE

CHAPTER CXLI. EXPUNGING RESOLUTION – PERORATION OF SENATOR BENTON'S SECOND SPEECH

CHAPTER CXLII. DISTRIBUTION OF THE LAND REVENUE

CHAPTER CXLIII. RECHARTER OF THE DISTRICT BANKS – SPEECH OF MR. BENTON: THE PARTS OF LOCAL AND TEMPORARY INTEREST OMITTED

CHAPTER CXLIV. INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS

CHAPTER CXLV. TEXAS INDEPENDENCE – MR. BENTON'S SPEECH

CHAPTER CXLVI. THE SPECIE CIRCULAR

CHAPTER CXLVII. DEATH OF MR. MADISON, FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER CXLVIII. DEATH OF MR. MONROE, FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER CXLIX. DEATH OF CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL

CHAPTER CL. DEATH OF COL. BURR, THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER CLI. DEATH OF WILLIAM B. GILES, OF VIRGINIA

CHAPTER CLII. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1836

CHAPTER CLIII. LAST ANNUAL MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT JACKSON

CHAPTER CLIV. FINAL REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS

CHAPTER CLV. RECISION OF THE TREASURY CIRCULAR

CHAPTER CLVI. DISTRIBUTION OF LANDS AND MONEY – VARIOUS PROPOSITIONS

CHAPTER CLVII. MILITARY ACADEMY: ITS RIDING-HOUSE

CHAPTER CLVIII. SALT TAX: MR. BENTON'S FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST IT

CHAPTER CLIX. EXPUNGING RESOLUTION – PREPARATION FOR DECISION

CHAPTER CLX. EXPUNGING RESOLUTION. – MR. BENTON'S THIRD SPEECH

CHAPTER CLXI. EXPUNGING RESOLUTION: MR. CLAY, MR. CALHOUN, MR. WEBSTER: LAST SCENE: RESOLUTION PASSED, AND EXECUTED

CHAPTER CLXII. THE SUPREME COURT – JUDGES AND OFFICERS

CHAPTER CLXIII. FAREWELL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT JACKSON – EXTRACT

CHAPTER CLXIV. CONCLUSION OF GENERAL JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION

CHAPTER CLXV. RETIRING AND DEATH OF GENERAL JACKSON – ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN

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Justice to the men with whom I acted, and to the cause in which we were engaged, is my chief motive for engaging in this work. A secondary motive is the hope of being useful to our republican form of government in after ages by showing its working through a long and eventful period; working well all the time, and thereby justifying the hope of its permanent good operation in all time to come, if maintained in its purity and integrity. Justice to the wise and patriotic men who established our independence, and founded this government, is another motive with me. I do not know how young I was when I first read in the speeches of Lord Chatham, the encomium which he pronounced in the House of Lords on these founders of our republic; but it sunk deep into my memory at the time, and, what is more, went deep into the heart: and has remained there ever since. "When your lordships look at the papers transmitted us from America; when you consider their decency, firmness, and wisdom, you cannot but respect their cause, and wish to make it your own. For myself, I must declare and avow, that in all my reading and observation – and it has been my favorite study – I have read Thucydides, and have studied and admired the master states of the world – that for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, under such a complication of difficult circumstances, no nation, or body of men, can stand in preference to the general congress at Philadelphia." This encomium, so just and so grand, so grave and so measured, and the more impressive on account of its gravity and measure, was pronounced in the early part of our revolutionary struggle – in its first stage – and before a long succession of crowning events had come to convert it into history, and to show of how much more those men were capable than they had then done. If the great William Pitt – greater under that name than under the title he so long refused – had lived in this day, had lived to see these men making themselves exceptions to the maxim of the world, and finishing the revolution which they began – seen them found a new government and administer it in their day and generation, and until "gathered to their fathers," and all with the same wisdom, justice, moderation, and decorum, with which they began it: if he had lived to have seen all this, even his lofty genius might have recoiled from the task of doing them justice; – and, I may add, from the task of doing justice to the People who sustained such men. Eulogy is not my task; but gratitude and veneration is the debt of my birth and inheritance, and of the benefits which I have enjoyed from their labors; and I have proposed to acknowledge this debt – to discharge it is impossible – in laboring to preserve their work during my day, and in now commending it, by the fruits it has borne, to the love and care of posterity. Another motive, hardly entitled to the dignity of being named, has its weight with me, and belongs to the rights of "self-defence." I have made a great many speeches, and have an apprehension that they may be published after I am gone – published in the gross, without due discrimination – and so preserve, or perpetuate, things said, both of men and of measures, which I no longer approve, and would wish to leave to oblivion. By making selections of suitable parts of these speeches, and weaving them into this work, I may hope to prevent a general publication – or to render it harmless if made. But I do not condemn all that I leave out.

Of these I have one, admitted by all to be considerable, but by no means enough of itself. Mr. Macaulay says of Fox and Mackintosh, speaking of their histories of the last of the Stuarts, and of the Revolution of 1688: "They had one eminent qualification for writing history; they had spoken history, acted history, lived history. The turns of political fortune, the ebb and flow of popular feeling, the hidden mechanism by which parties are moved, all these things were the subject of their constant thought, and of their most familiar conversation. Gibbon has remarked, that his history is much the better for his having been an officer in the militia, and a member of the House of Commons. The remark is most just. We have not the smallest doubt that his campaigns, though he never saw an enemy, and his parliamentary attendance, though he never made a speech, were of far more use to him than years of retirement and study would have been. If the time that he spent on parade and at mess in Hampshire, or on the Treasury bench and at Brooke's, during the storms which overthrew Lord North and Lord Shelburne, had been passed in the Bodleian Library, he might have avoided some inaccuracies; he might have enriched his notes with a greater number of references; but he never could have produced so lively a picture of the court, the camp, and the senate-house. In this respect Mr. Fox and Sir James Mackintosh had great advantages over almost every English historian since the time of Burnet." – I can say I have these advantages. I was in the Senate the whole time of which I write – an active business member, attending and attentive – in the confidence of half the administrations, and a close observer of the others – had an inside view of transactions of which the public only saw the outside, and of many of which the two sides were very different – saw the secret springs and hidden machinery by which men and parties were to be moved, and measures promoted or thwarted – saw patriotism and ambition at their respective labors, and was generally able to discriminate between them. So far, I have one qualification; but Mr. Macaulay says that Lord Lyttleton had the same, and made but a poor history, because unable to use his material. So it may be with me; but in addition to my senatorial means of knowledge, I have access to the unpublished papers of General Jackson, and find among them some that he intended for publication, and which will be used according to his intention.

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Missouri – David Barton, Thomas H. Benton.

Maine – John Anderson, Samuel Butman, Rufus M'Intire, Jeremiah O'Brien, James W. Ripley, Peleg Sprague, Joseph F. Wingate – 7.

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