Functional Behavior Assessment for People with Autism

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Beth Glasberg. Functional Behavior Assessment for People with Autism

Table of Contents

Introduction. Is This Your Child?

Grace Carmichael

Jamaal Brown

Darra Littman

Anthony Cappozolli

1 | Why Problem Behaviors Occur

How Do We Think about Behavior Problems? A Quick History. The Punishment-Based Approach

Time-Out

Current Thinking about the Purpose of Challenging Behavior

Why Are Problematic Behaviors So Common among Individuals with ASD?

Difficulties with Communication Skills

Difficulties with Social Skills

Restricted Interests

2 | How Are Behaviors Learned?

Overview of Learning Theory

1) Consequences

Keep It Simple Summary

2) Motivation

Keep It Simple Summary

3) Antecedents

Keep It Simple Summary

4) Behavior

Keep It Simple Summary

Putting the Four Learning Variables Together

Learning Theory and Problem Behaviors: The Functions of Behavior

1) Attention

2) Objects and Activities

3) Escape/Avoid

4) Automatic Reinforcement

5) Behaviors That Serve More Than One Function

How Does My Child Choose a Behavior to Use?

3 | Getting Started: First Steps for Completing a Functional Behavior Assessment

Step 1: Create an Assessment Team

Family Members

Professionals

Peers

The Person with Challenging Behavior

Assigning Roles to Team Members

Keep It Simple Summary

Step Two: Select a Target Behavior

Guideline 1: Address Only One Behavior at a Time

Guideline 2: Habilitation

Guideline 3: Be Safe

Guideline 4: Set the Child and the Assessment Team Up for Success

Guideline 5: Consider the Needs of Significant Others

Practice Examples

Keep It Simple Summary

Step 3: Define the Target Behavior

Keep It Simple Summary

4 | Measuring Behavior

Step 4: Measure the Target Behavior

Frequency Recording

Keep It Simple Strategies

Time-Based Measures of Behavior

Keep It Simple Strategies

Intensity

Keep It Simple Summary

Using Samples of Behavior

Step 5: Establish a Baseline

Keep It Simple Strategies

5 | Finding Out Who Knows What

Step 6: Interview Team Members

Functional Behavior Assessment Interview Form

Functional Behavior Assessment Interview Form. INTERPRETATION GUIDE

SAMPLEFunctional Behavior Assessment Interview for Students

6 | Observation Time

Step 7: Observe the Behavior

Unstructured Observation

Structured Observation

7 | Test Your Hypothesis

Prior to Starting Hypothesis Testing

Antecedent Manipulations

Functional Analysis

Functional Analysis Conditions

Using Cues to Signal Conditions

Taking Safety Precautions

Analyzing Your Data

Why Is Functional Analysis Worthwhile?

Brief Models of Functional Analysis

Conclusion

8 | Alternative Assessment Models

Alternative Assessment Models

Trial-Based Functional Analyses (TBFA)

Latency-Based Functional Analyses (LBFA)

Precursor Functional Analyses

Functional Analysis of Requesting

Summary

9 | Putting It All Together A Summary of the Assessment Process

Functional Behavior Assessment Summary Form

10 | You Finally Know the Function of the Behavior Now What?

What Are the Components of an Intervention Plan?

Change the MO

Change the Antecedents

Change the Behavior

Change the Consequences

Choosing Strategies to Match the Function of the Behavior

For Attention-Maintained Behaviors

For Escape-Maintained Behaviors

For Behaviors Maintained by Access to Objects and Activities

For Behaviors Maintained by Automatic Reinforcement

11 | Special Circumstances and Troubleshooting

Adolescents and Adults

Safety Issues

Allowing Enough Time to Learn a New Behavior

Choosing the Right Setting for an Assessment

Rare, but Dangerous, Behaviors

Troubleshooting

When Assessment Results Are Inconsistent

When an Intervention Doesn’t Work

Success Stories. Aaron

Sophie

Ramone

References

Appendices

Appendix A Frequency Recording Data Sheet

Appendix B Duration of Behavior Data Sheet

Appendix C Latency to Behavior Data Sheet

Appendix D Data Sheet for Measuring the Intensity of Behavior

Appendix E Time Sample Data Sheet

Appendix F Permanent Products Data Sheet

Appendix G A-B-C Data Sheet

Appendix H Descriptive Analysis Data Sheet

Appendix I Consent Form

OVERVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES

Appendix J AB Functional Analysis Data Sheet

Appendix K Antecedent Manipulation Data Sheet

Appendix L Functional Analysis Data Sheet

Index

About the Authors

Отрывок из книги

Sandra L. Harris, Ph.D., series editor

Woodbine House

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A general introduction to the principles of behavior will be provided in Chapters 1 and 2, including a discussion of how challenging behaviors arise and why individuals with autism spectrum disorders are more susceptible to developing them. Other foundation topics covered in these chapters will include an introduction to the principles of learning, a discussion of factors determining which behaviors will be performed in a given situation, and an overview of the types of consequences that may strengthen behaviors. Furthermore, Chapters 1 and 2 include an overview of functional behavior assessment and a discussion of how functional behavior assessment helps make sense of otherwise perplexing behaviors.

This background will equip readers for Chapters 3 through 8, which offer a practical, step-by-step guide to completing a functional assessment, including various forms of functional analysis—the “gold standard” in identifying the reasons why a behavior is occurring and informing effective intervention. These chapters also include “Keep it Simple Tips” to make the process more manageable, and handy tools to use when completing an assessment. This guide will help readers learn how to interpret assessment results, which are ultimately needed to develop an effective intervention. Chapter 9 summarizes the process, while Chapter 10 provides an overview of how to turn these assessment results into an effective plan. Finally, Chapter 11 addresses special topics such as adult issues, very infrequent but severe behaviors, and troubleshooting.

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