Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants

Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants
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Covers the structurally diverse secondary metabolites of medicinal plants, including their ethnopharmacological properties, biological activity, and production strategies <br> <br> Secondary metabolites of plants are a treasure trove of novel compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications. Consequently, the nature of these metabolites as well as strategies for the targeted expression and/or purification is of high interest. Regarding their biological and pharmacological activity and ethnopharmacological properties, this book offers a comprehensive treatment of 100 plant species, including Abutilon, Aloe, Cannabis, Capsicum, Jasminum, Malva, Phyllanthus, Stellaria, Thymus, Vitis, Zingiber, and more. It also discusses the cell culture conditions and various strategies used for enhancing the production of targeted metabolites in plant cell cultures. <br> <br> Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants: Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Production Strategies is presented in four parts. Part I provides a complete introduction to the subject. Part II looks at the ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties, chemical structures, and culture conditions of secondary metabolites. The third part examines the many strategies of secondary metabolites production, including: biotransformation; culture conditions; feeding of precursors; genetic transformation; immobilization; and oxygenation. The last section concludes with an overview of everything learned. <br> <br> -Provides information on cell culture conditions and targeted extraction of secondary metabolites confirmed by relevant literature <br> -Presents the structures of secondary metabolites of 100 plant species together with their biological and pharmacological activity <br> -Discusses plant species regarding their distribution, habitat, and ethnopharmacalogical properties <br> -Presents strategies of secondary metabolites production, such as organ culture, pH, elicitation, hairy root cultures, light, and mutagenesis <br> <br> Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants is an important book for students, professionals, and biotechnologists interested in the biological and pharmacological activity and ethnopharmacological properties of plants. <br>

Оглавление

Bharat Singh. Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants

Table of Contents

Guide

Pages

Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Production Strategies

Part 1 Introduction

2.1 Abutilon Species. 2.1.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.1.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.2 Acacia Species. 2.2.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.2.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.3 Achyranthes Species. 2.3.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.3.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.4 Adhatoda Species. 2.4.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.4.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.5 Aegle Species. 2.5.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.5.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.6 Ageratina Species. 2.6.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.6.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.7 Ageratum Species. 2.7.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.7.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.8 Albizia Species. 2.8.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.8.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.9 Allium Species. 2.9.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.9.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.10 Aloe Species. 2.10.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.10.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.11 Angelica Species. 2.11.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.11.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.12 Arnebia Species. 2.12.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.12.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.13 Artemisia Species. 2.13.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.13.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.14 Asparagus Species. 2.14.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.14.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.15 Atropa Species. 2.15.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.15.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.16 Azadirachta Species. 2.16.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.16.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.17 Bryophyllum Species. 2.17.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.17.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.18 Camptotheca Species. 2.18.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.18.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.19 Cannabis Species. 2.19.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.19.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.20 Capsicum Species. 2.20.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.20.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.21 Carthamus Species. 2.21.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.21.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.22 Cassia Species. 2.22.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.22.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.23 Catharanthus Species. 2.23.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.23.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.24 Centella Species. 2.24.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.24.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.25 Cephalotaxus Species. 2.25.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.25.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.26 Chlorophytum Species. 2.26.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.26.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.27 Cinchona Species. 2.27.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.27.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.28 Citrullus Species. 2.28.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.28.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.29 Coleus Species. 2.29.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.29.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.30 Colocasia Species. 2.30.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.30.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.31 Commiphora Species. 2.31.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.31.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.32 Coptis Species. 2.32.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.32.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.33 Corydalis Species. 2.33.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.33.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.34 Crocus Species. 2.34.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.34.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.35 Curcuma Species. 2.35.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.35.2 Culture Conditions

References

Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Production Strategies

2.36 Datura Species. 2.36.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.36.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.37 Dioscorea Species. 2.37.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.37.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.38 Erythroxylum Species. 2.38.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.38.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.39 Foeniculum Species. 2.39.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.39.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.40 Fumaria Species. 2.40.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.40.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.41 Gentiana Species. 2.41.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.41.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.42 Glycyrrhiza Species. 2.42.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.42.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.43 Heliotropium Species. 2.43.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.43.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.44 Hyoscyamus Species. 2.44.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.44.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.45 Jasminum Species. 2.45.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.45.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.46 Larrea Species. 2.46.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.46.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.47 Lawsonia Species. 2.47.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.47.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.48 Linum Species. 2.48.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.48.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.49 Lithospermum Species. 2.49.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.49.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.50 Malva Species. 2.50.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.50.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.51 Matricaria Species. 2.51.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.51.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.52 Medicago Species. 2.52.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.52.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.53 Mitragyna Species. 2.53.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.53.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.54 Momordica Species. 2.54.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.54.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.55 Morinda Species. 2.55.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.55.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.56 Moringa Species. 2.56.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.56.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.57 Mucuna Species. 2.57.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.57.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.58 Nerium Species. 2.58.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.58.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.59 Nigella Species. 2.59.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.59.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.60 Ocimum Species. 2.60.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.60.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.61 Origanum Species. 2.61.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.61.2 Culture Conditions

References

Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Production Strategies

2.62 Panax Species. 2.62.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.62.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.63 Papaver Species. 2.63.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.63.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.64 Peganum Species. 2.64.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.64.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.65 Pelargonium Species. 2.65.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.65.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.66 Petroselinum Species. 2.66.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.66.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.67 Phyllanthus Species. 2.67.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.67.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.68 Plantago Species. 2.68.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.68.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.69 Plumbago Species. 2.69.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.69.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.70 Podophyllum Species. 2.70.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.70.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.71 Polygonum Species. 2.71.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.71.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.72 Primula Species. 2.72.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.72.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.73 Rauwolfia Species. 2.73.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.73.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.74 Rhamnus Species. 2.74.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.74.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.75 Rubia Species. 2.75.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.75.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.76 Rumex Species. 2.76.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.76.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.77 Salix Species. 2.77.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.77.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.78 Salvia Species. 2.78.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.78.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.79 Scrophularia Species. 2.79.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.79.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.80 Sida Species. 2.80.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.80.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.81 Solanum Species. 2.81.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.81.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.82 Stellaria Species. 2.82.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.82.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.83 Stevia Species. 2.83.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.83.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.84 Strobilanthes Species. 2.84.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.84.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.85 Symphytum Species. 2.85.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.85.2 Culture Conditions

References

Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Production Strategies

2.86 Tabernaemontana Species. 2.86.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.86.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.87 Taxus Species. 2.87.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.87.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.88 Terminalia Species. 2.88.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.88.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.89 Thymus Species. 2.89.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.89.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.90 Tinospora Species. 2.90.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.90.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.91 Tribulus Species. 2.91.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.91.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.92 Trifolium Species. 2.92.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.92.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.93 Trigonella Species. 2.93.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.93.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.94 Turnera Species. 2.94.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.94.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.95 Valeriana Species. 2.95.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.95.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.96 Verbena Species. 2.96.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.96.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.97 Veronica Species. 2.97.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.97.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.98 Vitis Species. 2.98.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.98.2 Culture Condition

References

2.99 Withania Species. 2.99.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.99.2 Culture Conditions

References

2.100 Zingiber Species. 2.100.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

2.100.2 Culture Conditions

References

Part 3 Strategies of Secondary Metabolites Production

3.1 Biotransformation

References

3.2 Culture Conditions

References

3.3 Elicitation

References

3.4 Feeding of Precursors

References

3.5 Genetic Transformation

References

3.6 Hairy Root Culture

References

3.7 Immobilization

References

3.8 Light

References

3.9 Mutagenesis

References

3.10 Organ Culture

References

3.11 Oxygenation

References

3.12 pH

References

3.13 Product Secretion

References

3.14 Secondary Metabolites Production by Endophytic Interaction

References

3.15 Selection of High-Yielding Cell Lines

References

3.16 Temperature

References

Part 4 Conclusions

Index

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Отрывок из книги

Bharat Singh

Ram Avtar Sharma

.....

The hairy roots of A. conyzoides were established with Agrobacterium rhizogenes for increasing the production of chromenes. The main compounds as β-farnesene, precocene I, and β-caryophyllene were estimated and enhanced in production in the presence of light conditions and also on the age of cultures. Precocene I, β-farnesene, precocene II, and β-caryophyllene are the main compounds of the volatile oils from the parent plant roots and, along with germacrene D, are also located in the parent plant's aerial parts. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found between the volatile oils from the roots of the parent plant and those from the hairy roots (Abdelkader and Lockwood 2011).

This is a medicinal plant in which useful secondary metabolites are found sufficiently. The secondary products including as aloe emodin and chrysophanol synthesized via a plant-specific type III polyketide biosynthesis pathway. Authors also examined the effect of endogenous elicitors on the type III polyketide biosynthesis pathway and identified the metabolic changes induced in elicitor-treated A. vera adventitious roots. Salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon were used to treat A. vera adventitious roots cultured on MS liquid media with IBA for five weeks. The production of aloe emodin and chrysophanol was enhanced by the salicylic acid treatment up to 13-fold as compared with control. Ultra performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis confirmed the presence of 37 compounds induced by salicylic acid, including aloe emodin and chrysophanol. This analysis also confirmed that these metabolic pathways change the expression of octaketide synthase genes and decreases in malonyl-CoA. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity was enhanced in extracts of salicylic acid-treated adventitious roots. It has been proved that salicylic acid has an important role in induction of the plant-specific type III polyketide biosynthetic pathway and so that the efficacy of A. vera can be increased through salicylic acid treatment (Lee et al. 2013).

.....

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