Treatise on the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mucous Membranes

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Bichat Xavier. Treatise on the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mucous Membranes

THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE

SECTION I. OF THE SITUATION AND NUMBER OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION II. OF THE EXTERIOR ORGANIZATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION III. OF THE INTERIOR ORGANIZATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION IV. OF THE GLANDS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION V. OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION VI. OF THE VARIATIONS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS

SECTION VII. OF THE VITAL POWERS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION VIII. OF THE SYMPATHIES OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION IX. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

SECTION X. REMARKS ON THE AFFECTIONS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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1. The Mucous Membranes occupy the interior of those cavities, which, by various openings, communicate with the skin. Their number, at the first view, appears very considerable; for the organs within which they are reflected are numerous. The stomach, bladder, urethra, uterus, ureters, the intestines, &c., borrow from these membranes a part of their structure: nevertheless, if it be considered, that they are continuous throughout, that everywhere they are observed to be extended from one organ to others, arising, as they did at first, from the skin, their number will appear to be singularly limited. In fact, in thus contemplating them, not as insulated in each part, but as continued over various organs, it will appear that they are reducible to two general surfaces.

4. This manner of describing the track of the mucous surfaces by saying that they extend, sink, penetrate, &c., from one cavity to another, is certainly not conformable to the march of nature, which forms in each organ the membranes that belong to it, and does not thus extend them from one to the other; but our manner of conceiving is best accommodated by this language, of which the least reflection will rectify the sense.

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6. We observe also, that irritation on any one point of these membranes frequently produces a pain in another point of the same membrane, which is not irritated; thus a stone in the bladder causes a pain at the end of the glans, worms in the intestines produce an itching at the nose, &c. &c. Now in these phenomena, which are purely sympathetic, it is extremely rare that the partial irritation of one of these two membranes produces a painful affection in a part of the other.

7. We ought, therefore, from inspection and observation, to consider the mucous surface in general as formed by two grand membranes, spread over several organs, and having no communication with each other but by the skin, which is intermediate, and which, being continuous with both, thus concurs with them to form a general membrane, entire throughout, enveloping the exterior of the animal, and extending to the interior over most of its essential parts. It should seem, that there exists important relations between the internal and external portions of this unique membrane, and this we shall soon be shown by ulterior researches.

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